Neurobiology of Disease 3 Flashcards
Out of neurodegerative and psychiatric illnesses, which one primarily features apoptosis or loss of neurones? (1)
Neurodegenerative
Out of neurodegerative and psychiatric illnesses, which one primarily features developmental defects? (1)
Psychiatric
Out of neurodegerative and psychiatric illnesses, which one shows changes in behaviour? (1)
Both can show changes in behaviour
Where is the pathology in upper motor neurone disorders? (1)
CNS or spinal cord
Give three examples of upper motor neurone disorders. (3)
- Stroke
- Multiple sclerosis
- ALS
Where is the pathology in lower motor neurone disorders? (1)
Outside the CNS
Give two examples of lower motor neurone disorders. (2)
Peripheral neuropathy
Myasthenia gravis
Where is the pathology usually situated in involuntary movement disorders? (1)
Basal ganglia
Give a common cerebellar pathology causing motor dysfunction. (1)
Tumour
Give three examples of involuntary movement disorders. (3)
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Tremor
Is Parkinson’s disease neurodegenerative, developmental, or psychiatric? (1)
Neurodegenerative
At what age is Parkinson’s disease classed as early onset? (1)
40-60yrs
Is early onset Parkinson’s disease usually caused by…
a) genetic mutations
b) environmental factors
a) genetic mutations
Is early onset or late onset PD more prevalent? (1)
Late onset
At what age is Parkinson’s disease classed as late onset? (1)
> 85yrs
Is late onset PD usually caused by…
a) genetic mutations
b) environmental factors
Combination of both
Is PD more common in males or females? (1)
Males
(3:2 ratio)
Give five motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. (5)
- Slow movement (bradykinesia)
- Postural abnormalities (eg. rigid posture)
- Lack or rigidity of movement (akinesia)
- Mask-like expression
- Resting tremor
Give two psychological/cognitive symptoms of PD often seen in later stages. (2)
- Depression
- Dementia
Why is endocrine dysfunction often seen in Parkinson’s disease? (1)
Due to changes in the dopaminergic tuberoinfundibular pathway
Briefly describe the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. (1)
Neurodegeneration of the extrapyramidal system (including the basal ganglia) due to loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra.
Give three cellular mechanisms by which dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra may die in Parkinson’s disease. (3)
- Oxidative stress
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Proteosome dysfunction
Name the dopaminergic pathway which is disrupted in Parkinson’s disease. (1)
Nigrostriatal pathway
Complete the sentence relating to Parkinson’s disease. (2)
In PD, there is loss of ………………. neurones of the substantia nigra, resulting in less DA input to the ……………. of the basal ganglia.
dopaminergic
(dorsal) striatum