Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PNM > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

In what year was the Neuron doctrine?

A

1894

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 3 ways can we classify neurons by?

A
  • Morphology
  • Inner/principle neurons
  • Neurotransmitter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How to things get to and from axon terminals?

A
  • Anterograde transport
  • Retrograde transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A
  • WGA + HRP labels
  • from soma to axons
  • slow (5-10 mm/day)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A
  • HRP label
  • terminals to soma
  • rapid (150-200 mm/day)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the encephalisation quotient?

A

encephalisation quotient = brain weight / body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do glia do?

A
  • form myelin sheath
  • clean up debris
  • launch immune system
  • correct ionic environment
  • provide metabolic fuel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What ‘matter’ are 1) cell bodies and 2) axons?

A

1) grey matter
2) white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 4 segments of the spine

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the meninges?

A

It surrounds the CNS and has 3 layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three cerebrospinal fluids and what do they mean?

A
  • blood: haemorrhage
  • yellow: old blood or jaundice
  • clear: all sound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two hemispheres linked by?

A

Corpus collosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the ventricular system do?

A
  • keeps brain buoyant
  • buffers blood pressure changes
  • removes waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two ways of understanding the brain?

A
  • Bottom up (how neurons and circuits work then move up)
  • Top down (overall theory without understanding the underlying units)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does Na+ concentration change resting potential?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are seizures caused by?

A

A lot of K+ in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the equation for driving force?

A

driving force = concentration gradient + electrical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What depolarises neurons to open Na+ channels?

A
  • synaptic transmission
  • generator potentials
  • intrinsic properties
  • experimental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the refractory period allow?

A

Ensures the action potential travels in one direction

20
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

When channels have been open for too long

21
Q

Where are action potentials generated?

A

Axon hillock

22
Q

What does a bigger diameter mean for action potentials?

A

Faster conduction

23
Q

What amount of the brain’s ATP goes to restoring Na+ gradients and synaptic transmission?

A

Na+ = 23%
transmission = 43%

24
Q

What are the properties of electrical synapses?

A
  • No delay
  • Bidirectional
  • Little plasticity
25
What are the properties of chemical synapses?
- Delayed (0.5ms) - Unidirectional - Plastic
26
When is spine density highest?
At a young age
27
Name the 4 types of neurotransmitters
- Amino acids - Amines - Neuroactive peptides - Others
28
What is Ca2+ dependant neurotransmitter release?
Blocking Ca2+ entry blocks synaptic transmission, therefore after Ca2+ entry (2-3 ions), neurotransmitter release is very rapid
29
Describe the 4 steps of neurotransmitter release
1) Docking/ priming of protein strands which twist to lock into place 2) Ca2+ entry catalysed by vesicle fusion with presynaptic membrane 3) Vesicle fusing (exocytosis) 4) Recycling of vesicles (endocytosis)
30
What 2 receptors does acetylcholine act as?
Nicotic and Muscarinic
31
What is acetylcholine broken down to?
Acetylcholine = choline + acetate The choline is recycled by a choline carrier, the reaction is catalysed by acetylcholinesterase.
32
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
33
Where does the ventral and dorsal root go?
Ventral goes to the front of the spinal chord and dorsal goes to the back of the spinal chord
34
What neurons lie in the ventral horn?
Motor neurons
35
What is a motor unit?
- All part of one system - When a neuron is activated, all the muscle fibres attach
36
What is the difference between fine and coarse control in motor units?
fine control = smaller motor units (6-10) coarse control = large motor units (< 2000)
37
What are the 2 types of skeletal muscle?
Type I and Type II
38
What are the properties of Type I skeletal muscle?
- Slow oxidative - Slow contraction - Low force - Small motor units
39
What are the properties of Type II skeletal muscle?
- Fast/ intermediate oxidative - Fast/ intermediate contraction - High/ intermediate force - Large/ intermediate motor units
40
What is acetylcholine?
- depolarises muscle fibres - permeable to K+, Na+, Ca2+ - iontropic channels - activates nicotic receptors - neurotransmitter at NMJ
41
What are the 2 ways of increasing the force of contraction?
- Recruitment: many at once with smaller units recruited first - Temporal summation: over and over again
42
Why does the body experience fatigue?
- Not enough glycogen - Too much K+ so cannot repolarise - Too much lactate - Too much ADP + Pi - Central fatigue
43
How do golgi tendon organs and muscle fibres detect muscle tension?
In extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres
44
What are the 7 steps for sensory transduction?
1) stimulus 2) receptor 3) change in permeability of nerve ending 4) change in membrane potential of nerve ending 5) generation of action potentials 6) propagation of action potentials to CNS 7) integration of info by the CNS
45
What is a flexion reflex?
A reflex done without any conscious control
46
Describe receptive fields
- a touch activates nerves which are in a receptive field - two objects can touch one receptive field so you feel like you are being touched by one object
47
What is two point discrimination?
Feeling two stimuli separately

PNM (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions