Cardiovascular

Question 1

How many deaths in the UK are cardiovascular related?

Answer 1

1/3

Question 2

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 2

In the apex on the left hand side in the fifth intercostal space

Question 3

What is systole?

Answer 3

The active phase of the hear where ventricular contraction takes place

Question 4

What is diastole?

Answer 4

The resting phase of the heart where relaxation fills the heart

Question 5

What side of the heart can we actually hear?

Answer 5

The left hand side

Question 6

What is the equation of cardiac output?

Answer 6

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate

Question 7

What is Starling’s Law of the Heart?

Answer 7

Energy of contraction is a function of the length of the cardiac muscle fibres

Question 8

What does it mean if a heart beat is ‘myogenic’?

Answer 8

It is initiated in itself

Question 9

What cells are connected all throughout the heart?

Answer 9

Connexins which contract by entry of Ca2+

Question 10

What do connexins look like?

Answer 10

• Cylindrical cells
• Branched
• Striated
• Single, central nucleus

Question 11

What can diagnose cardiac disease and how?

Answer 11

ECG by checking for irregularities

Question 12

What type of circulatory system do humans have?

Answer 12

Dual circulatory system

Question 13

Name the parts of a blood vessel working to the outside

Answer 13

• Lumen
• Tunica intima (interna)
• Tunica media
• Tunica adventitia (externa)

Question 14

What are the properties of elastic arteries?

Answer 14

• Absorb high pressure
• Keep blood flow smooth
• Store energy in walls

Question 15

What are the properties of muscular arteries?

Answer 15

• Control flow
• Control resistance to flow

Question 16

What 3 factors is blood flow resistance determined by?

Answer 16

• Length of blood vessels
• Viscosity of blood
• Radius of blood vessels

Question 17

How would you describe blood flow through arteries?

Answer 17

Laminar

Question 18

What is flow directly proportional to?

Answer 18

Resistance

Question 19

What pumps enhance venous return?

Answer 19

Muscle and respiratory pumps

Question 20

What is the heart innervated by?

Answer 20

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

What are blood vessels innervated by?

Answer 21

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 22

How is the heart innervated by the sympathetic strand?

Answer 22

Through noradrenaline, this affects contractibility by enhancing Ca2+ release in myocytes

Question 23

How is the heart innervated by the parasympathetic strand?

Answer 23

Through acetylcholine

Question 24

How do the sympathetic nerve fibres work?

Answer 24

The sympathetic nerve in the tunica media causes the contraction which causes vasoconstriction, this controls the resistance of blood which regulates blood flow

Question 25

What is the primary regulator of vasoconstriction?

Answer 25

Oxygen

Question 26

What is the equation for Mean arterial blood pressure?

Answer 26

MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure

Question 27

What enzyme and hormone control blood pressure?

Answer 27

Renin and Angiotensin II

Question 28

What is a haemorrhage, how is it identified?

Answer 28

It is a rapid loss of blood which is identified by baroreceptors, renin is secreted to correct for blood loss volume

Question 29

How is a haemorrhage clinically treated?

Answer 29

- treat cause of blood loss - give fluids - monitor O2 saturation - monitor filling pressure of heart (severe)

Question 30

What are the 4 types of haemorrhage?

Answer 30

- Class I - 15% - Class II - 15-30% - Class III - 30-40% - Class IV - >40%

Question 31

What are the 3 cardiovascular responses to exercise?

Answer 31

- More blood to muscle - More cardiac output - More coronary flow

Question 32

During strenuous exercise where does the cardiac output go?

Answer 32

To muscles

Question 33

What is thermoregulation during exercise?

Answer 33

Controlling our body temperature by sweating and cutaneous vasodilation (sympathetic)

Question 34

What is the equation for blood pressure?

Answer 34

Blood pressure = Cardiac output x TPR

Question 35

Percentage wise, how much more cardiac output does to muscles during strenuous exercise?

Answer 35

From 21% to 88%

Question 36

What drive increases adrenaline?

Answer 36

Sympathetic drive

Question 37

What does adrenaline do in our bodies?

Answer 37

- works as a vasoconstrictor - causes vasodilation via beta receptors