Neurobiology 1

Question 1

The two major control systems in the body

Answer 1

The Nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 2

What regulatory system is slow, sustained

Answer 2

Endocrine System

Question 3

What regulatory system is rapid, transient

Answer 3

Nervous System

Question 4

3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

Answer 4

Sensory input-> Integration(by interneurons)-> Motor Output (effectors)

Question 5

Where does integration of sensory inputs occur

Answer 5

Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Chord)

Question 6

Where does sensory input and motor output occur

Answer 6

Sensory receptors, Peripheral Nervous system, and effectors(legs)

Question 7

What is the nervous system composed of

Answer 7

Neurons and Glia

Question 8

Definition of Neuron

Answer 8

Structural and functional unit responsible or transfer of information via electrical and chemical communication

Question 9

What is the neuron’s funtion

Answer 9

To conduct electrochemical impulses

Question 10

What are electroimpulses caused by neurons called

Answer 10

Nerve inpulses or action potentials

Question 11

What are neurons polarized both structurally and functionally for

Answer 11

For flowing information unidirectionally through its axon

Question 12

Components of the neural cell body

Answer 12

Nucleus, cellular organelles, Nissl bodies (rough ER)

Question 13

What are Nissl bodies

Answer 13

Rough ER, or sites of protein synthesis

Question 14

How do you stain Nissl bodies

Answer 14

Cresyl violet stain

Question 15

Who developed the staining method for Nissl bodies

Answer 15

Franz Nissl

Question 16

What is the axon

Answer 16

Cystoplasmic extension of the neuron

Question 17

Components of axon

Answer 17

Microtubules, Smooth ER, and vesicles.

NO ROUGH ER!

Question 18

How many axons per neuron

Answer 18

Only 1

Question 19

How wide are axons? (Not long)

Answer 19

Only microns in diameter

Question 20

How long can axons grow

Answer 20

As long as 1 meter

Question 21

What is transported through the axon

Answer 21

Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

Question 22

Where are axonal vesicles sevreted

Answer 22

The synapse cleft or extracellular space

Question 23

When are neurotransmitters not released by the axon

Answer 23

Development or injury

Question 24

What happens in axons during development or injury

Answer 24

Ribosomes go through active protein synthesis

Question 25

Where do axonal ribosomes during during development or injury come from

Answer 25

Neighboring glial cells by the tunneling of nanotubes between cells

Question 26

What are mirotubules

Answer 26

Conveyor belts running along the entire length of the axon that also serves a cytoskeletal role

Question 27

Microtubule functions:

Answer 27

To move vesicles, organelles like mitochondria. All via attachment of proteins called tubulins

Question 28

What is the chemical synapse

Answer 28

Junction between two neurons. Electrical activity in one alters the electrical activity in the other

Question 29

Ho do neurons communicate

Answer 29

Neurotransmitters

Question 30

What is the neuromuscular junction

Answer 30

Synapse between motor neuron and a muscle neuron and a muscle fiber

Question 31

What part of the neuron is highly branched

Answer 31

Dendrites

Question 32

What varies among different types of neurons

Answer 32

The number of dendrites. Even among the same dendrite over a period of time

Question 33

Dendrite function

Answer 33

To receive information from other neurons and carry the information toward the neuron's cell body as an electrical signal

Question 34

What are dendritic spines

Answer 34

Projections that grow off of a dendrite

Question 35

Function of dendritic spines

Answer 35

Site of signal reception - where synapses are located. Have receptors for neurotransmitters

Question 36

What is neuroplasticity

Answer 36

When dendritic spines can change on a minute-to-minute basis

Question 37

What is the presynaptic neuron responsible for

Answer 37

Carries electrical signals to the synapse and releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Question 38

What is the postsynaptic neuron responsible for

Answer 38

Carries electrical signals away from the synapse via the dendrites

Question 39

What is the postsynaptic density

Answer 39

Receptors (for neurotransmitters) that are located in the postsynaptic terminal

Question 40

Where is the axon hillock

Answer 40

The region where the axon joins and emerges from the cell body

Question 41

What is the axon hillock responsible for

Answer 41

Plays an essential role in integration and transmission of nerve signals

Question 42

Where is the transmembrane protein barrier located

Answer 42

Between the neuron's cell body and the axon hillock

Question 43

What is the transmembrane protein barrier

Answer 43

The region that separates the plasma membrane of a neuron's cell body and the axon hillock. Made of actin filaments.

Question 44

Axon hillock interactions

Answer 44

No synapses form from the axon hillock nor do any interact with it

Question 45

What is the axon hillock responsible for

Answer 45

To evaluate the nature of a signal received by the dendrites and the cell body. Integrates electrical signal and determines response.

Question 46

Where is the action potential generated

Answer 46

The axon hillock is where the action potential is generated

Question 47

What are afferent neurons (sensory or receptor neurons)

Answer 47

Neurons that carry nerve impulses from receptors or sensory organs towards the Central Nervous System

Question 48

What are interneurons

Answer 48

Neurons that relay information from afferent neurons to efferent neurons. Interneurons are only found in the Central Nervous System

Question 49

What are efferent neurons (motor neurons)

Answer 49

Carry nerve impulses away from the Central Nervous System to effectors such as muscles

Question 50

What are oligodendrocytes

Answer 50

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that form myelin to insulate axons

Question 51

What are astrocytes

Answer 51

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons with material secured form the blood

Question 52

What type of glial cells for the blood-brain barrier

Answer 52

Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier

Question 53

What are microglia

Answer 53

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that are meant for neuronal maintenance by removing cell debris

Question 54

When are microglia activated

Answer 54

During trauma or disease

Question 55

What are microglia similar to

Answer 55

Macrophages that remove cell debris

Question 56

What are ependymal cells

Answer 56

Glial cells in the Central Nervous System that line the brain ventricles

Question 57

What are ependymal cells responsible for

Answer 57

To exchange molecules between ventricles and the brain

Question 58

What is a supporting cell of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 58

Shwann cells

Question 59

What are Scwann cells responsible for

Answer 59

They form a myelin sheath to insulate axons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 60

Ratio of neurons and glial cells in the human brain

Answer 60

1 to 1. Differs in species