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Bio 225 > Muscle 1 > Flashcards

Muscle 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate filaments
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2
Q

What components of the cytoskeleton have roles in cellular shape & cell movement

A

Microtubules & microfilaments

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3
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Polymers of alpha and beta tubulin

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4
Q

How are polymers of alpha an beta tubulin made

A

Spontaneously within the cell

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5
Q

How are alpha and beta tubulins assembled

A

Intro repeated dimeric unites to create microtubules

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6
Q

Stages of microtubule formation

A
  1. Alpha-tubulin & beta-tubulin combine to form a dimer, tubulin
  2. Multiple dimers assemble end-to-end to from a protofilament
  3. Protofilaments line up to form a sheet
  4. Sheet of protofilaments roll up to form a tube
  5. Microtubule grows by monomer addition to + end and shrinks by monomer removal from - end
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7
Q

How can microtubules be stabilized to from a polarized cellular network

A

Microtubule associated proteins (MAP) & Microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)

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8
Q

How are vesicles transported in the axon

A

Microtubules in conjunction with either Kinesin & Dynein

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9
Q

What direction of transport is Kinesin responsible for

A

Away from cell body

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10
Q

What direction of transport is Dynein responsible for

A

Towards the cell body

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11
Q

What are microfilaments

A

Polymers of actin

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12
Q

How can the cell move when considering microfilaments

A

The controlled polymerization of actin

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13
Q

What is myosin

A

Actin-binding motor protein

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14
Q

How many classes of myosin are eukaryotes

A

17

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15
Q

What is Myosin II

A

Muscle myosin

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16
Q

What are Myosins I and V

A

Myosin in intracellular trafficking

17
Q

Which myosins work as dimers

A

Myosin II and V

18
Q

Which myosins have ATPase activity

A

All of them

19
Q

Where is the ATPase activity in myosin

A

The head

20
Q

How are light chains regulated

A

Phosphorylation

21
Q

What is a consequence of phosphorylation of light chains

A

They influence the catalytic activity of the ATPase of the myosin heavy chain head

22
Q

What are the components of myosin

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Tail
23
Q

What are the components of the neck in myosin

A

Myosin I and V: Calmodulin light chains

Myosin II: Essential light chain & Regulatory light chain

24
Q

How long are myosin (on average)

A

130 mm

25
Q

What are allosteric “walking proteins”

A

Myosin

26
Q

How are myosin “walking proteins”

A

By walking along actin filaments

27
Q

What is unitary displacement when talking about myosin

A

Myosin movement that proceeds in steps

28
Q

What is myosin step length dependent on

A

Length of the myosin’s neck

29
Q

What model is used for muscle contraction

A

Myosin, actin, and the sliding filament model

30
Q

Cross-bridge cycle steps

A
  1. Myosin un-cocked and unbound (after ATP-bound)
  2. Myosin cocked and unbound (after ATP hydrolysis)
  3. Myosin cocked and bound
  4. Power stroke (after Phosphate leaves)
  5. Myosin uncocked and bound (after ADP release)
31
Q

What is the Duty Cycle

A

Steps 3-5 of the Cross-bridge cycle

  1. Myosin cocked and bound
  2. Power stroke (after Phosphate leaves)
  3. Myosin uncocked and bound (after ADP release)
32
Q

What does myosin bind to

A

Actin

33
Q

How is myosin binding to actin regulated

A

Ca 2+, troponin, and tropomyosin

34
Q

What are the thin filament proteins implemented in muscle contraction

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

35
Q

What causes contraction of the myofibril/cardiomyocyte

A

Increase in intracellular Ca 2+

Bio 225 (11 decks)

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