Neuroanatomy & Stroke Flashcards
What kind of molecules can pass through the BBB?
Nonpolar, hydrophobic
Label the following ventricles
What are the arterial blood supplies to the brain?
Anterior Cerebral Artery, Middle cerebral artery, Posterior cerebral artery, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery
What are the planes of section? Which ones have symmetry?
Coronal & Horizontal have planes of symmetry
What is the forebrain? Midbrain? Hindbrain?
Forebrain= telencephalon +diencephalon Midbrain= mesencephalon Hindbrain= Pons, medulla, & cerebellum (metencephalon + myelencephalon)
What are the structures of the telencephalon?
Cerebral cortex (all the lobes) Basal ganglia Hippocampus Amygdala Olfactory Bulb
What are the structures of the diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Retina
How does an fMRI work?
detects localized changes in metabolism or cerebral blood flow – active neurons get more blood supply than inactive neurons
In the simplest terms, what is a stroke?
Disruption of blood flow to the brain
What are the risk factors for stroke?
Age, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, previous TIA or stroke
What is an ischemic stroke?
Insufficient blood supply cause by a blood clot
What is thrombotic?
Buildup in cerebral blood vessel
What is an embolus?
A circulating clot that blocks blood from going to the brain
What is hyperfusion?
Global decrease in blood due to cardiac arrest
What are the 2 pathways that can form clots?
The extrinsic pathway: “bad chloestrol” can trigger plaque formation by inserting into vessel walls
The intrinsic pathway: When blood is exposed to collagen or other damaged surfaces
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? What are the consequences?
Bleeding inside the skull due to a rupture in an artery. Results are contralateral paralysis and disruption to white matter
How does a hemorrhagic stroke vs. an ischemic stroke appear on a CT scan?
Hemorrhagic stroke large white density, ischemic stroke is darker
What is the penumbra?
Region surrounding the core infarct region of the stroke in which some residual blood flows remains. Tissue is still viable and salvageable
What is the pathway when blood flow to the brain stops?
Why is the role of glia affected during a stroke?
Astrocytes take up glutamate from the synapse, but without any energy the astrocytes can’t take up the extra glutamate which leads to excitotoxcity
Why is the brain so vulnerable to injury?
The brain needs a lot of energy, but has no room to store it so it relies on constant input
What is tPA?
Protease that cuts fibrin and degrades fibrinogen to dissolve a clot
What is the most common type of stroke?
Focal ischemic stroke
