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Clinical Neuroscience > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Groups of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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2
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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3
Q

What is the laminae?

A

Layers of neuronal cell bodies

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4
Q

What are nerves?

A

Axons bundled together in the PNS

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5
Q

What are tracts?

A

Axons that are bundled together in the CNS

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6
Q

What are the different types of glial cells? What is each function?

A

Astrocytes: maintain chemical environment, only in the CNS, form BBB
Oligodendrocytes: make myelin in the CNS
Schwann Cells: make myelin in the PNS
Microglia: macrophages

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7
Q

What kind of neurons are efferent? Afferent?

A

Motor neurons are efferent and information flows away from the brain.
Somatosensory neurons are afferent that take information towards the brain.

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8
Q

What are the motor components of the nervous system? What does each do?

A

Somatic motor system: conscious control of muscles
Autonomic nervous system: controls visceral functions, usually unconscious
Enteric Nervous System: brain of the gut

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9
Q

How many neurons does a somatic efferent neuron have? Autonomic efferent?

A

Somatic Efferent: 1 neuron

Autonomic Efferent: 2 neurons

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10
Q

Which branch of the ANS has a long preganglionic neuron? Short? Where is the ganglia located in each?

A

Parasympathetic: Long, ganglia located near organ
Sympathetic: Short, ganglia located near spinal cord

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11
Q

What is the sequence of events involved in transmission at a typical chemical synapse?

A
  • -> an action potential arrives
  • -> depolarization of presynaptic terminal causes opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  • -> Ca2+ causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  • -> NT is released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  • -> NT binds to postsynaptic receptors
  • -> Removal of NT by glial uptake of degradation
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12
Q

What are the classes of Small-molecule NT?

A

Small Molecule: Ach, Amino Acids, Amines, Purines

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13
Q

What are the classes of Amino acid NT?

A

Glutamate, Aspartate, GABA, Glycine

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14
Q

What are the classes of amines? What are examples of each?

A

Catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephren, epinephrin
Indoleamine: Serotonin

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15
Q

What is a difference between small molecule NT and peptide NT?

A

Peptide NT are encoded in the genome and much bigger, while small molecule NT have enzymes that make them encoded in the genome

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of post-synaptic receptors?

A

Ionotrophic & Metabotrophic

17
Q

What are examples of retrograde NT?

A

Endocannabinoids and NO gas

18
Q

What are the 3 types of cell signaling molecules?

A

Cell-impermeant, cell-permeant, and cell-associated

19
Q

What are the steps for activation of G-proteins?

A
  1. Signal binds to receptor
  2. Conformational change in receptor
  3. GDP is exchanged for GTP
  4. a-subunit dissociated from B and goes off to do work in the cell
  5. GTP on the a-subunit is hydrolyzed to GTP (“turning off”)
  6. GDP bound a-subunit associated with B subunit and binds to receptor
20
Q

What is the regulation of GPCRs?

A

GAP: turns off G-protein
GEF: turns on G-protein

21
Q

What is the Gs pathway? Gi?

A 
Gs= Norepinephrin binds --> stimulates adenylyl cyclase --> produces cAMP --> produces PKA
Gi= inhibits
22
Q

What is the Gq pathway?

A

Glutamate binds –> stimulates phospholipase C –> with IP3, PKC and Ca2+ are released

23
Q

How is a G-protein signal terminated?

A

Signal can dissociate from receptor,
Receptors are removed from cell,
GTP hydrolysis to GDP,
pDE converts cAMP to AMP

24
Q

What is epigenetic inheritance?

A

Modification of a nuclear gene changes the expression of the gene in an organism. Examples: methylation, X-inactivation

25
Q

What significant parts of mRNA? Where are they located?

A

5’ UTR in front start codon
3’ UTR after stop codon
PolyA tail after 3’UTR

Clinical Neuroscience (15 decks)

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