Neuroanatomy Review Flashcards
List the 3 types of macroglial cells
- Oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
- Schwann cells in PNS
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
describe the role of each macroglial cell
- Oligodendrocytes/Schwann Cells
- create and maintain myelin
- Astrocytes
- support cells
- waste removal
- regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels
- Ependymal cells
- line ventricle walls
- produce CSF
which macroglial cell is essential in maintaining the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
what is the role of microglial?
macrophages of the CNS
remove foreign bodies
what 3 factors help determine the singal conduction of an AP?
- Fiber diameter
- presence of myelin
- thickness of myelin
list the subsections of the peripheral nervous system and their roles
- Somatic nervous system → communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscle
- spinal and cranial nerves
- sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
- Autonomic nervous system → communicates with internal organs and glands
- SNS and PNS
describe spinal nerve root structures
define motor unit
- a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminal
- most mature skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single alpha motor neuron, the collection of muscle fibers innervated by one neuron is referred to as a Motor Unit
- NM is Acetylcholine
List some functions of the sympathetic nervous system
- pupil dilation
- Increase HR and BP
- Blood vessel constriction to non-essential organs
- Blood vessel dilation to essential organs
- Stimulate liver glyconeogenolysis and adipose lipolysis
- Inhibit nonessential body functions
List some functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
- pupil constriction
- Increase salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation
- decrease HR and BP
- decrease airway diameter
what is the difference between a monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex?
- Monosynaptic → provides rapid feedback and motor control. No neuron between sensory and effector neuron
- Polysnaptic → have interneurons to pass signals from sensory to motor neurons
List the protective layers of CNS (meninges) in order of superficial to deep
- Epidural space
- Dura mater
- Subdural space (contains bridging veins, and ISF)
- Arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space (CSF here)
- Pia mater
List arteries included in the anterior blood supply for the brain
- Internal Carotid branches
- Opthalamic arteries
- Posterior communicating artery
- Anterior Cerebral arteries
- anterior communicating artery
- recurrent artery of Heubner
- Middle Cerebral arteries
- lenticulostriate arteries
List arteries included in the posterior blood supply to the brain
- Vertebral artery branches
- anterior spinal arteries
- posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
- posterior spinal arteries
- Basilar artery branches
- anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
- labyrinthine arteries
- pontine arteries
- superior cerebellar arteries
- posterior cerebellar arteries
what 4 arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
- Anterior communicating artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Posterior communicating artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
Describe the course of the ACA
Longitudinal fissure above corpus callosum → medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes
deeper branches to basal nucleus and limbic regions
list areas of the brain supplied by the MCA
- lateral frontal lobe
- lateral parietal lobe
- lateral occipital lobe
- medial and lateral temporal lobe
- insula
- subcortical structures:
- basal ganglia
- internal capsule
- limbic structures