Neuroanatomy Review Flashcards
1
Q
List the 3 types of macroglial cells
A
- Oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
- Schwann cells in PNS
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
2
Q
describe the role of each macroglial cell
A
- Oligodendrocytes/Schwann Cells
- create and maintain myelin
- Astrocytes
- support cells
- waste removal
- regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels
- Ependymal cells
- line ventricle walls
- produce CSF
3
Q
which macroglial cell is essential in maintaining the blood brain barrier
A
Astrocytes
4
Q
what is the role of microglial?
A
macrophages of the CNS
remove foreign bodies
5
Q
what 3 factors help determine the singal conduction of an AP?
A
- Fiber diameter
- presence of myelin
- thickness of myelin
6
Q
list the subsections of the peripheral nervous system and their roles
A
- Somatic nervous system → communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscle
- spinal and cranial nerves
- sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
- Autonomic nervous system → communicates with internal organs and glands
- SNS and PNS
7
Q
describe spinal nerve root structures
A
8
Q
define motor unit
A
- a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminal
- most mature skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single alpha motor neuron, the collection of muscle fibers innervated by one neuron is referred to as a Motor Unit
- NM is Acetylcholine
9
Q
List some functions of the sympathetic nervous system
A
- pupil dilation
- Increase HR and BP
- Blood vessel constriction to non-essential organs
- Blood vessel dilation to essential organs
- Stimulate liver glyconeogenolysis and adipose lipolysis
- Inhibit nonessential body functions
10
Q
List some functions of the parasympathetic nervous system
A
- pupil constriction
- Increase salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation
- decrease HR and BP
- decrease airway diameter
11
Q
what is the difference between a monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex?
A
- Monosynaptic → provides rapid feedback and motor control. No neuron between sensory and effector neuron
- Polysnaptic → have interneurons to pass signals from sensory to motor neurons
12
Q
List the protective layers of CNS (meninges) in order of superficial to deep
A
- Epidural space
- Dura mater
- Subdural space (contains bridging veins, and ISF)
- Arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid space (CSF here)
- Pia mater
13
Q
List arteries included in the anterior blood supply for the brain
A
- Internal Carotid branches
- Opthalamic arteries
- Posterior communicating artery
- Anterior Cerebral arteries
- anterior communicating artery
- recurrent artery of Heubner
- Middle Cerebral arteries
- lenticulostriate arteries
14
Q
List arteries included in the posterior blood supply to the brain
A
- Vertebral artery branches
- anterior spinal arteries
- posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
- posterior spinal arteries
- Basilar artery branches
- anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
- labyrinthine arteries
- pontine arteries
- superior cerebellar arteries
- posterior cerebellar arteries
15
Q
what 4 arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
A
- Anterior communicating artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Posterior communicating artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
16
Q
Describe the course of the ACA
A
Longitudinal fissure above corpus callosum → medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes
deeper branches to basal nucleus and limbic regions
17
Q
list areas of the brain supplied by the MCA
A
- lateral frontal lobe
- lateral parietal lobe
- lateral occipital lobe
- medial and lateral temporal lobe
- insula
- subcortical structures:
- basal ganglia
- internal capsule
- limbic structures
18
Q
list areas of the brain supplied by the PCA
A
- cortex
- medial and inferior occipital lobe
- inferior temporal lobe
- Subcortical structures
- midbrain
- subthalamus
- thalamus
19
Q
List functions of the frontal lobe
A
- Higher executive functions including:
- emotional regulation
- planning
- reasoning
- attention
- problem solving
- Primary and supplementary motor regions
- Supplementary speech regions (dominant)
20
Q
List functions of the parietal lobe
A
- Primary and Supplementary Somatosensory Regions
- Perceptual integration (non-dominant)
- Visual processing regions (“where?”)
- Supplementary Speech Regions (dominant)
21
Q
List functions of the temporal lobe
A
- Primary auditory center
- Visual processing regions (“What?”)
- Memory
22
Q
List the primary function of the occipital lobe
A
- Primary visual center
23
Q
what are unimodal association cortices?
A
modality specific corticies
receives its predominant input from the primary sensory cortex of a specific sensory modality and performs higher-order sensory processes for that modality
24
Q
what are heteromodal cortices?
A
higher-order mental functions
have BIDIRECTIONAL CONNECTIONS with BOTH motor and sensory association cortices for all modalities
25
list some significant structures in the midbrain
1. superior and inferior colliculi
2. Red nucleus
3. Raphe nucleus
4. Ventral tegmentum area
26
List some significant structures in the Pons
1. major cerebellar relay station
* Superior, Middle, Inferior Cerebellar peduncles
2. Floor of the 4th ventricle
27
list some significant structures in the medulla
1. Nucleus of the solitary tract
2. Nucleus ambiguous
3. Pyramidal decussation
4. Nuclues Cuneatus and Gracilis
28
what is the purpose of the reticular formation?
1. maintains an alert conscious state in forebrain
2. works w/cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord to modulate important motor, reflex, and autonomic functions
29
List the major asending tracts
1. Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus
* gracile → LE
* cuneate → UE
2. Trigeminothalamic → face
3. Anterolateral
* Spinothalamic tract
* trigeminothalamic tract
* Spinoreticular tract
* Spinomesencephalic tract
30
what type of info if primarily carried in the dorsal column/medial lemniscus and trigeminothalamic tracts?
1. light touch
2. discrimination
3. proprioception
4. kinesthesia
5. vibration
31
what type of into is primarily carried in the anterolateral system?
1. Pain
2. Temperature
3. crude touch
32
What are the 4 motor subsystems?
1. Segmental circuits
* spinal cord
* brainstem
2. Descending Pathways
* Cortex
* Brainstem
3. Basal ganglia
4. Cerebellum
33
List the major descending tracts
1. Corticospinal tracts
* lateral corticospinal tract
* anteiror corticospinal tract
2. Rubrospinal tract
3. Vestibulospinal tract
4. Tectospinal tract
5. Reticulospinal tract
34
what structures make up the basal ganglia?
1. striatum (caudate + putamen)
2. globus pallidus
3. substantia nigra
4. subthalamic nucleus
35
what are the roles of the basal ganglia?
1. regulation of upper motor neuronal circuits
2. facilitation of movement
* initation and execution of movement
* prevention of unwanted movement
3. goal-directed behavior loop
4. social behavior loop
5. emotion loop
36
List the sections of the cerebellum
1. anterior lobe/spinocerebellum
2. posterior lobe/cerebrocerebellum
3. flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
37
List some of the roles of the cerebellum
1. coordination
* limb, trunk, occulomotor
2. movement planning, control and feedback
3. Motor learning
4. postural control/balance
5. VOR suppression
6. muscle tone
38
List the function and key structure that performs it in the limbic system
1. homeostasis → hypothalamus
2. olfaction → olfactory cortex
3. memory → hippocampal formation
4. emotions and drive → amygdala
39
List the functions of the hypothalamus
1. Homeostasis
2. Endocrine control via pituitary gland
3. Autonomic Control
4. Limbic mechanisms
40
What structures make up the visual system?
1. Optic nerve → conveys visual info to cortex
* lateral geniculate nucleus → visual cortex
2. Pupillary response to light reflex (CN II and III)
3. Extra-occular movements
* CN III → up, down, medially, eyelid elevation
* CN IV → down and in
* CN VI → laterally
41
what are the functions of the peripheral vestibular system?
1. stabilize visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement to allow for clear vision
2. maintain postural stability, especially during movement of head
3. provide info for spatial orientation
42
What key 3 reflexes are the vestibular nuclei part of?
1. Vestibulo-ocular (VOR)
2. Vestibulospinal (VSR)
3. Vestibulocollic (VCR)
43
List structures that make up the central vestibular system
1. Vestibular nuclei
2. Vestibular tracts
3. Vestibulocerebellum
4. Vestibular cortex
44
what 3 regions make up the vestibular cortex? What are their functions?
1. Parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC)
* recieves input from cerebellum and labyrinth, vestibular nuclei via the thalamus
2. Medial superior temporal region
* visuo-vestibular integration
* self-motion perception
3. Ventral intraparietal region
* multisensory spatial coding
* proprioceptive, auditory, visual, tactile
