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Motor Speech Disorders-CD 660 > Neuroanatomy Review > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organized ?

A

Somatotopically organized

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2
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

How is it organized?

A

The postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)

It is also somatotopically organized

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3
Q

Name the four subcortical structures

A

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, sub thalamus)

Basal ganglia

Substantia nigra

Sub thalamic nucleus

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4
Q

Where is the cerebellum located? What is it involved with?

A

In the rear part of the brain BELOW the cerebrum

It is involved in coordination

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5
Q

Where is the brain stem? What originates from the brain stem?

A

Between the subcortical structures and spinal cord

Where the cranial nerves originate

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6
Q

Where do upper motor neurons originate? Where do they terminate

A

UPPER motor neurons originate in the cortex, they terminate on lower motor neurons in the spinal cord OR the brain stem

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7
Q

What is the name of the tract that hold the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal

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8
Q

What is the name of the tract that holds the lower motor neurons in the brainstem ?

A

Corticobulbar tract

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9
Q

TRUE/FALSE: LMNs ONLY originate in the spinal cord

A

FALSE!

LMNs can originate in the spinal cord OR the brainstem

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10
Q

Where do

LMNs terminate?

A

They terminate on the muscles they innervate

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11
Q

What type of the neuron innervation do the muscles of the limbs receive?

A

Unilateral contralateral innervation

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12
Q

TRUE/FALSE: muscles of the head and neck mostly receive bilateral motor innervation

A

TRUE!

They receive innervation from both hemispheres! I.e. Contralateral (opposite side) AND ipsilateral (same side) innervation

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13
Q

What is the pyramidal system responsible for? Which tracts are in the pyramidal system?

A

Responsible for VOLUNTARY movements in speech and limbs

Consists of:
Corticobulbar tracts
Corticospinal tracts

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14
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross? Which muscles does it innervate?

A

Crosses at the level of the medulla

Innervates the muscles of the limbs

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15
Q

Where does the corticobulbar pathway cross? What muscles are innervated?

A

crosses at the level of the cranial nerves nuclei they innervate

Innervates ALL MUSCLES involved in speech and swallowing!!

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16
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

The precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

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17
Q

What is the extra pyramidal system? Damage to this system causes ?

A

It is an Indirect activation pathway and control circuits

IT INDIRECTLY influences muscles NO DIRECT CONNECTION

18
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are the control circuits of the extrapyramidal system

A

True! Damage to the control circuits can cause speech disorders

19
Q

Name the two damage effects of the indirect activation pathway (I.e extrapyramidal system)

A

Hyperreflexia

Spasticity

20
Q

Where do the pathways of the extrapyramidal system originate/terminate?

A

These pathways originate in the cortex, synapse in the brainstem then travel to the cranial nuclei

21
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the control circuits project to the LMNs

A

FALSE! They send their output in the cerebral cortex

22
Q

Name two effects of spasticity on speech

A

Causes slowness and hyper ADDuction of the vocal folds (hypernasality)

23
Q

What are some results of spasticity?

A

Spastic dysarthria

Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria

24
Q

What are parts of basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Brainstem structures included: 
Subthalamic nucleus 
Substantia nigra (dopamine produced here)
25
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiates movement and it’s an inhibitory to cortical discharges

26
Q

What do we typically see when the basal ganglia is damaged?

A

Reduced movement or

Excess involuntary movement (excessive movement-jerks)

27
Q

What is the difference between paralysis and paresis?

A

Paralysis- absence of movement (gross limitation of movement)

Paresis- weakness of movement (incomplete paralysis)

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE: UMNs AND LMNs damage can result in paralysis OR paresis

A

TRUE

29
Q

What are the three common signs associated with UMN damage?

A

Hypertonia/Spasticity(excessive tone, resistance to passive stretch)

Hyperreflexia(exaggerated muscle stretch reflex)

Weakness (due to bilateral innervation)

30
Q

What are the two major signs associated the LMN damage?

A

Hypotonia(reduced muscle tone): can cause paralysis or paresis

Atrophy (loss of muscle bulk): fasciculation- involuntary muscle controls (visible to the eye) or fibrillations- involuntary contraction of individual muscle fibers (not visible)

31
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Refers to extrapyramidal damaged BUT can be used for other movement disorders

Classified by fast, slow, rhythmic or nonrhythmic movement

32
Q

Name the six types of dyskinesias

A 
Tremor
Chorea 
Tartive 
Athethosis 
Dystonia 
Myoclonus
33
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the cerebellum does not have lobes

A

FALSE! It has three lobes

Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

34
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of different muscle groups and helps with balance

Plays a role in:
motor Programming (not muscle specific) , Maintenance of muscle tone and motor learning
35
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the cerebellum has MORE efferent pathways than after want pathways

A

FALSE! It has MORE afferent pathways

36
Q

What is motor planning?

A

Formulates a strategy of action by specifying motor goals

This is NOT muscle specific

37
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Impairment of motor planning

Inability to execute skilled, learning motor acts DESPITE normal function of motor, sensory systems, comprehension, cooperation and coordination

38
Q

Which lobe is primarily responsible for motor planning?

A

The frontal lobe

Where: premotor cortex

39
Q

How does the cerebellum help in the coordination of movements?

A

Takes in all the sensory information, uses a feed forward, and sensory feedback mechanism

40
Q

What is the feedforward, sensory feedback mechanism? Where is it located?

A

It’s in the cerebellum

Feedforward- provides information about the movements of the muscles, tendons and joints

This information is compared to the sensory feedback from the cerebral cortex.

Then corrections are made if necessary

41
Q

What is ataxia

A

Lac of coordination of voluntary motor acts

The rate, range, timing, direction and force of movement may be affected

42
Q

What is the difference better motor planning and motor programming?

A

Motor planning is NOT muscle specific; it sets sequential motor goals that are articulator specific

Motor programming IS muscle specific; motor programs are sets of motor specific commands

Motor Speech Disorders-CD 660 (8 decks)

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