Neuroanatomy Overview Lecture Flashcards
In the PNS how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
In the PNS how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What makes up the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
If something is a bulbar pathology where does it affect?
Usually refers to medulla oblongata
Principle cells of the CNS (2)
Neurons
Glial cells
Types of glial cells (4)
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Describe the function and shape of neurons
Communicators.
Receive info via synapses, integrate it, then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron or effector cell. Most are multipolar with many dendrites and one axon
What is the purpose of the hillock of the neuron?
Decides whether or not to fire the action potential
What are glial cells?
More numerous in CNS than neurons, support neurons, glue cells, arent connective tissue
Describe astrocytes shape
Star shaped, many numerous processes
Role of astrocytes
Roles in support, maintaining the blood brain barrier, environmental homeostasis
Can tighten endothelial of blood vessels
Is there connective tissue in the CNS
NOPE
Role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Produce myelin in the CNS (NOT IN THE PNS)
Have numerous branches which extend to produce internodes of myelin around different axons. Round nucleus.
What is the origin of microglia
Similar lineage to macrophages
Hemopoietic origin
From outside CNS
Role of microglia
Immune monitoring and antigen presentation
Phagocytic/antigen presenting
Appearance of microglia
Elongated nucelus, number of short spiny cell processes
WHEN ACTIVATED however become rounder and look like macrophages
Appearance of ependymal cells
Ciliated columnar/cuboidal epithelium
Role of ependymal cells
Line the ventricles
Define
- Gyrus
- Sulcus
- Fissure
- Folium
- bump out
- indentation
- deeper in than sulci
- same as gyrus but in cerebellum
What is in grey matter and where is it usually in the brain?
Usually around the edges of the brain
Contains huge numbers of neurons, cell processes, synapses and support cells
What is in white matter?
Axons and their support cells - no nerve cell bodies
When is grey matter on the outside and when is it on the inside?
BRAIN - grey outside
SPINAL CORD - grey inside
Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insular
Name the meninges layers from superficial to deep
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)
Pia mater
Describe the appearance of the pia mater
shiny, few cells thick
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
Describe the arteries in brain
2 inferior cerebellar arteries
1 superior
3 cerebral arteries
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain?
Into the internal jugular vein
Describe the anatomical position of the frontal lobe?
Large lobe anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Anterior to a line drawn from the central sulcus to the corpus callosum
Describe the anatomical position of the parietal lobe?
Posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus (and a backward extension of it), and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preocciptial notch.
Posterior to the frontal lobe and anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus
Describe the occipital lobe’s anatomical position?
Posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch. Posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus
Temporal lobe - anatomical position?
Inferior to the lateral sulcus (and a line extending the lateral sulcus posteriorly) and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch.
Medially, the temporal lobe extends from the temporal pole, to a line drawn between the preoccipital notch and the anterior end of the calcarine sulcus.
Role of the insular lobe?
Role to play in experience of pain, coordinator of many functions of the cortex
