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Life Control > Neuroanatomy of Memory and Emotion > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of Memory and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the LIMBIC LOBE?

A

ring-shaped convolution

encircles the medial border of the cerebral hemisphere

functions:

  • emotion
  • mood
  • pain perception
  • motivation
  • behaviour
  • memory
  • olfaction
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2
Q

What is the function of the HIPPOCAMPUS?

A

central part of the limbic lobe

- memory
- spatial navigation
not so much mood or emotion

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3
Q

What does damage to the hippocampus cause?

A

anterograde amnesia

inability to make new memories

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4
Q

What are the main regions of the limbic lobe?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • septal area (small, in front of the hypothalamus - associated with mating/sexual behaviour)
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5
Q

What is the CINGULATE GYRUS?

A

portion of limbic lobe

lies in the medial, frontal and parietal regions

C-shaped convolution wraps around the corpus callosum

separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the cingulate and sub-parietal sulci

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6
Q

What is the SUBGENUAL AREA?

A

part of cingulate gyrus which lies below the gene of the corpus callosum

often underactive in patients with major depressive disorder

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7
Q

What is the RETROSPLENIAL AREA?

A

part of cingulate gyrus

portion that lies behind the splenium of the corpus callosum

involved in the recall of personal/episodic memories

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8
Q

What is the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS?

A

part of the limbic lobe which sits on the medial temporal region

lateral boundary: collateral sulcus

anterior part of gyrus folds back on itself to form the UNCUS - resembles a hook or bend finger

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9
Q

What is the structure of the HIPPOCAMPUS?

A

medial temporal cortex which rolls on itself

forming a longitudinal bulge in the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle

it sits submerged under a layer of CSF

cortical fold: thinner (3-layer) cortex

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10
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

used to describe the cortical structures of the cerebral hemispheres

here, the cortex is thicker (6-layers)

neocortex is found in 90% of the cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

How is the HIPPOCAMPAL CORTEX arranged?

A

into an S-shaped fold

occupies the medial temporal region

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12
Q

What are the main parts of the hippocampal cortex?

A

3 parts:

  • dentate gyrus
  • Ammon’s horn
  • subiculum
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13
Q

What is the ENTORHINAL CORTEX?

A

=> interface between the hippocampus and neocortex

=> allows hippocampus to create and store personal (episodic) memories
e.g. maps to allow spatial navigation

most anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus

lies medial to the rhinal sulcus

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14
Q

What is the RHINAL SULCUS?

A

a short furrow that can be separate or continuous with the COLLATERAL SULCUS

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15
Q

What happens in Alzheimer’s and how does this affect hippocampal function?

A

earliest and most severe changes often in entorhinal cortex

hippocampus is functionally disconnected from rest of cortex

interferes in formation of new memories (anterograde amnesia)

also why day-to-day episodic memories are most severely affected

=> patients with Alzheimer’s can often get lost in familiar places

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16
Q

What is SHORT TERM MEMORY?

A

aka working memory

used for holding several pieces of info in mind for the duration of a particular task

working memory overlaps with attention and the ‘central executive’ functions of the FRONTAL LOBE

allows organising and planning of actions

DORSOLATERAL PRE-FRONAL REGION is important in this type of memory

17
Q

What is LONG TERM MEMORY

A

3 stages:

  • encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval
18
Q

What is the anatomic basis of HUMAN MEMORY FORMATION?

A

not fully understood

memory traces are initially represented by electrochemical changes in existing synapses

long term potentiation: synaptic strengthening mechanisms where the same stimuli may result in a most tightly powered response if conditioned to do so

protein synthesis is required for more permanent memory storage
new growth of dendrites and synapses may occur

memory CONSOLIDATION

19
Q

What is memory CONSOLIDATION?

A

process of converting a temporary memory trace into a long term permanent store

20
Q

What are the types of long term (consolidated) memories?

A

DECLARATIVE (explicit)
consciously recalled and can be put into words
e.g. verbal description of an event

NON-DECLARATIVE (implicit)
cannot be put into words but have to be demonstrated in some way
e.g. a skill or competency that has been learnt

21
Q

What are the 2 main types of DECLARATIVE memory?

A
  • semantic

- episodic

22
Q

What is SEMANTIC memory?

A

long term memory

involved in the knowledge of facts and info

e.g, capital cities etc

affected by damage/disease in the LATERAL temporal lobe

23
Q

What is EPISODIC memory?

A

long term memory, involved with day-to-day personal memories that can be recalled

affected by damage in the MEDIAL temporal lobe

24
Q

What is non-declarative/implicit memory?

A

several types, e.g. PROCEDURAL (‘how to do’)

often called ‘muscle memory’

required for gradual acquisition of motor skills

e.g. touch typing, clutch control

will probably involve the basal ganglia and/or cerebellum

25
Q

What is the AMYGDALA?

A

large, almond shaped nuclear mass

in the anterior part of the medial temporal lobe

lies just in front of the hippocampus

composed of numerous sub-nuclei (like the thalamus)

involved with emotional responses and learning

26
Q

How are the nuclei in the amygdala arranged?

A

into medial, lateral and central groups

MEDIAL NUCLEI
receive smell-related projections from the olfactory bulb and tract

LATERAL NUCLEI
receive primarily visual and auditory info from the lateral temporal lobe

CENTRAL NUCLEI
main outflow structure of amygdala
projects to the hypothalamus and brain stem
via the STRIA TERMINALIS
can trigger coordinated emotional responses
e.g. fight/flight response

27
Q

What is the STRIA TERMINALIS?

A

a thin white matter pathway

carries info from the amygdala to the hypothalamus and brain stem

28
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

collects info about what is happening

integrates the info

and determines the emotional significance of ongoing events

particularly sensitive to fearful or threatening stimuli

described “danger detector”

therefore associated with

  • anxiety
  • fear
  • rage
29
Q

How do patients with damage to the amygdala present?

A

become fearless and engage in risky activities which may put them in danger

Life Control (25 decks)

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