Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Control > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of memory?

A

SHORT TERM MEMORY
- working memory

LONG TERM MEMORY

  • episodic (autobiographical)
  • semantic (facts and info)
  • declarative (can be recounted verbally)
  • procedural (e.g. clutch control)
  • prospective (e.g. need to fill petrol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 key processes in memory?

A
  1. ENCODING
  2. STORAGE
  3. RETRIEVAL

‘forgetting’ can result from failure in any of these processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the MULTI-STORE MODEL of MEMORY?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1974
a basic model for memory

4 main components:

  • SENSORY INPUTS
  • SENSORY STORE (the residual sensation you feel immediately after removal of the stimulus)
  • SHORT TERM MEMORY
  • LONG TERM MEMORY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 main types of SENSORY MEMORY?

A

AUDITORY
(aka ECHOIC)
holds info for ~ 3s

VISUAL
(aka ICONIC)
holds info for ~ 250ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is short term memory more comply referred to as now?

A

WORKING MEMORY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 components of the SHORT TERM MEMORY?

A

CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
this resembles what we’d term ATTENTION

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
holds info in a speech-based form

VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD
specialised for holding visual and spatial info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are there any differences between working and short term memory?

A

largely the same concept

working memory is a much more dynamic version of UNITARY short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between WORKING and LONG TERM MEMORY?

A

WORKING MEMORY
limited capacity

LONG TERM MEMORY
can theoretically work without limit in both capacity and storage duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the capacity of working memory?

A

can only store ~ 7 PIECES OF INFO in memory

‘chunking’ - grouping bits of info to make remembering easier (however this also has pitfalls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of INTERFERENCE exists in WORKING memory?

A

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
new info interferes with existing old info

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
old info interferes with new info recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is INTERFERENCE an issue in working memory?

A

Traces only remain in working memory with repeated rehearsal

therefore prone to interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the PRIMARY-RECENCY EFFECT?

A

aka Serial Position effect

when presented with lots of info in serial order, we remember more from the BEGINNING and END of the list
and forget the middle of the list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is LONG TERM MEMORY formed?

A

transfer process from working memory -> long term memory
=> rehearsal
=> elaboration

very large capacity

storage can be between a few mins and a lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are memories stored for LONG TERM MEMORY?

A

meaning is ENCODED rather than stored as EXACT REPRESENTATION

this conversion to long term storage is called CONSOLIDATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is CONSOLIDATION?

A

Structural change to the neural pathways

Long term potentiation (LTP) => synapse strengthening, cellular foundation of memory

requires metabolic activity for minutes/hours after the stimulus has been presented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does memory RETRIEVAL work?

A
  • CUE
    (e. g. prompt, reminder, question)
  • Original stimulus is RECONSTRUCTED using info from cue
  • the greater the amount of info available, the easier the retrieval
  • good, filing system also aids retrieval
    (e. g. memory aids, mnemonics, making memories personally relevant)
  • retrieval may be affected by interference (practice vs retroactive)
17
Q

What factors can affect memory RETRIEVAL?

A

LEVELS OF PROCESSING
more something is elaborated at time of encoding, then easier to retrieve

ORGANISATION
filing system should be neat and categorised

CONTEXT
state-dependent memory
same location for encoding and retrieval can aid this process

18
Q

What is DISSOCIATING FUNCTION in memory?

A

present in Working and Long term memory

dissociation between learning of new facts or events
but retention of ability to learn new skills

due to memory being stored in different brain regions

19
Q

What is PROCEDURAL MEMORY?

A

memory for how to do things/skills

occurs often in absence of conscious recollection

20
Q

What is DECLARATIVE MEMORY?

A

memory for facts, for info that can be conveyed by verbal statements

included semantic and episodic memories
e.g. your DoB

21
Q

What is KORSAKOFF’s

A

aka temporal lobe amnesia

consequence of chronic EtOH abuse

22
Q

What memory deficits might someone with Korsakoff’s have?

A

= temporal lobe defect

able to learn new PROCEDURAL skills

unable to learn new DECLARATIVE facts

23
Q

What are the 2 types of DECLARATIVE MEMORY?

A

SEMANTIC MEMORY
facts, ideas etc
e.g. capital cities

EPISODIC MEMORY
memory of events, situations ALL CENTRED AROUND YOU
e.g. first day at uni
eating breakfast

24
Q

What is RECOGNITION in memory?

A

sensing a stimulus as FAMILIAR

generally easier than recall, info contained within cue

can be direct from a set stimuli

or indirect from a mental search of a long term memory store

25
Q

What is RECALL in memory?

A

reconstruction of a stimulus using the info available from the cue and info from long term storage

checked by recognition process

requires greater cognition than recognition

can be direct from the cue

or arise after problem-solving have been used

26
Q

Is memory a stable and static process?

A

NO

it is not entirely stable

recall and recognition can be inaccurate

eg. eye witness testimony in court cases

27
Q

What are the main causes of FORGETTING in memory?

A

[usually in working memory or long term memory]

PASSAGE OF TIME

  • rapid decay of info from working memory
  • cell death leads to loss of long term memory
  • dementia may accelerate previous point

INTERFERENCE
proactive vs retroactive for:
- storage from working memory
- remoulding of connections over time

28
Q

What are the main ways by which AMNESIA may be brought on?

A

DAMAGE
head injury, stroke

CHRONIC EtOH ABUSE
Korsakoff’s syndrome
affects storage and retrieval (B1, B6, B12)

DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Alzheimers
Atrophy, generalised cognitive impairment

REVERSIBLE BRAIN DISEASE
tumours, hydrocephalus, subdural, B1, B6, B12, endocrine disease, syphilis

PSYCHOGENIC MEMORY LOSS
PTSD, abuse, war

29
Q

What are the 2 types of AMNESIA?

A

ANTEROGRADE
inability to store new info

RETROGRADE
inability to recall info prior to trauma
often following a closed head injury
often relatively short in duration

30
Q

What factors may affect a person’s memory for MEDICAL INFO?

A

HIGHER IQ

GREATER MEDICAL/TECHNICAL INFO

HIGHER ANXIETY (improves memory, but reduced problem solving and flexibility)

31
Q

What are patients more likely to REMEMBER?

A
  • info at start or end of consultation
  • statements that are perceived to be important and self-relevant
  • less info overall
  • short words and sentences
  • organised material (chunking)
  • repetition
  • explicit and concrete instructions

Life Control (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions