NeuroAnatomy/NeuroPathology Lecture 6 Cells of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells of the nervous system?

A

Neurons & glial cells

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2
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

cell body/soma, dendrite, axon, terminal axons, node of ranvier

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3
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

responsible for neurotransmitter signaling in the nervous system

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

“production factory” for all neuron components

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5
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

sensory input

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6
Q

What is the function of the axons?

A

conduct action potentials for signaling

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7
Q

What does the Node of Ranvier allow?

A

faster transmission of action potentials

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8
Q

What is the anterograde axon transport pathway?

A

cell body to terminal axon and transports molecular building blocks

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9
Q

What is the retrograde axon transport pathway?

A

terminal axon to cell body and transports molecular byproducts

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10
Q

What are the five types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, microglial cells, ependymal cells, Schwann cells

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11
Q

What are the four functions of an astrocyte?

A

regulate the blood brain barrier, transport nutrients, regulates synapses, and remodeling

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12
Q

What is the function of an oligodendrocyte?

A

myelinating axons of the CNS

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13
Q

What are the functions of a microglial cell?

A

clear toxic material, secrete neurotrophic factors, increase clearance of glutamate, secretes potentially neurotoxic molecules

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14
Q

What is the function of an ependymal cell?

A

responsible for secreting/absorbing nutrients into the CSF and protects the blood brain barrier

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15
Q

what is the function of a Schwann cell?

A

responsible for myelinating axons of nerves in the PNS

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16
Q

What causes the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

the progressive widespread atrophy of the cerebral cortex

17
Q

Where does atrophy begin in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

the temporal lobe

18
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s?

A

astrocyte dysfunction – disrupted glutamine/protein clearance // leads to formation of neuritic plaques neurofibrillary tangles, and neuron death

19
Q

What types of proteinopathy are found in Alzheimer’s?

A

beta amyloid proteins, Tau proteins, α-synuclein

20
Q

Neuritic plaques are formed by….

A

abnormal extracellular accumulation of beta amyloid proteins that surround and damage the axon

21
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are formed by….

A

abnormal accumulation of Tau proteins in FLAME-shaped neurofibrillary tangles that disrupt microtubule highway and leads to cell death

22
Q

What causes Pick’s disease?

A

abnormal accumulation of Tau proteins in ROUND neurofibrillary tangles

23
Q

Which cell is targeted/damaged that leads to Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes

24
Q

What happens if oligodendrocytes are damaged?

A

there is damage to the myelin sheath

25
Q

What are the four types of MS?

A

Clinically Isolated Syndrome, Relapsing-Remitting, Secondary Progressive, Primary Progressive

26
Q

What are the three causes that lead to injury for concussions?

A

transient microscopic disruption, astrocytes are unable to maintain CNS homeostasis, and there is a mismatch of cerebral blood flow that is inadequate for metabolic demands of jolted neurons

27
Q

What is the proteinopathy involved in CTE?

A

abnormal accumulation of Tau proteins which form neurofibrillary tangles

28
Q

How does the Tau proteinopathy differ between Alzheimer’s and CTE?

A

CTE has a different regional distribution pattern of the Tau accumulations in the brain than Alzheimer’s

29
Q

What are the three layers of tissue covers of the peripheral nerves listed from outer most to inner most?

A

Epineurium, Perineurium, and Endoneurium

30
Q

What is Wallerian Degeneration?

A

the process of degeneration that provides opportunity for regeneration to occur

31
Q

What are the three phases of Wallerian degeneration?

A

acute nerve injury, degeneration(immune response), regeneration

32
Q

What is the Seddon classification of nerve injuries ordered from least to most severe?

A

Neuropraxia, Axonotmesis, Neurotmesis

33
Q

What is the Seddon classification of Neuropraxia?

A
  • least severe injury with good prognosis
  • focal demyelination but no axonal loss so Wallerian degeneration does NOT occur
  • complete recovery within 3-6 weeks
34
Q

What is the Seddon classification of Axonotmesis?

A
  • disruption of axons with perineruium and epineurium still intact
  • Wallerian degeneration DOES occur
  • variable prognosis and can require many months
35
Q

What is the Seddon classification of Neurotmesis?

A
  • complete transection of all nerve components
  • Wallerian degeneration DOES occur
  • requires surgical repair or NO chance for improvement
36
Q

What is the rate of peripheral nerve recovery?

A
  • axonal regeneration = 1-2mm/day or 0.04-0.08in/day
  • 1-2in/month
37
Q

What is the rate of motor recovery in peripheral nerve injuries?

A

12–18 months before irreversible motor end plate degeneration occurs

38
Q

What is the rate of sensory recovery in peripheral nerve injuries?

A

Longer than motor but eventually plateaus/stops