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NeuroAnatomy & NeuroPathology Weeks 6-9 > NeuroAnatomy - Lecture Seven Objectives Thalamus & Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

NeuroAnatomy - Lecture Seven Objectives Thalamus & Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Thalamus located?

A

the lateral regions of the diencephalon // “sit on top of the brainstem”

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2
Q

Where is the Thalamus in relation to the Internal Capsule?

A

Thalamus is located medial to the IC

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3
Q

What is the blood supply of the thalamus?

A

deep branches of the posterior cerebral atery (PCA) and posterior communicating arteries

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4
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relays and regulates all sensory information going to cortex EXCEPT olfactory

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5
Q

The thalamus acts as the blank…

A

gateway to consciousness

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6
Q

What is the pathway for the visual function of the thalamus?

A

eye → thalamus → primary (1°) visual cortex (area 17) → secondary/associative visual cortices

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7
Q

What is the pathway for the auditory function of the thalamus?

A

ear → thalamus → primary (1°) auditory cortex (area 41) → secondary/associative auditory cortices

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8
Q

What is the pathway for the somatosensory function of the thalamus?

A

body → thalamus → primary (1°) somatosensory cortex (area 3,1,2) → secondary/associative somatosensory cortices

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9
Q

What are the 5 Thalamic Nuclei?

A

Medial Geniculate (MGN), Lateral Geniculate (LGN), Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM), Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL), and Ventral Lateral (VL)

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10
Q

Where does the MGN get it’s information from?

A

the brainstem

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11
Q

Where does the MGN send it’s information to?

A

primary auditory cortex (Brodmann’s 41)

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12
Q

Where is the MGN located on the Thalamus?

A

posterior small bump, medially

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13
Q

What type of information does the MGN carry?

A

Auditory

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14
Q

Where does the LGN get it’s information from?

A

the eye

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15
Q

Where does the LGN send it’s information to?

A

primary visual cortex (brodmann’s 17)

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16
Q

Where is the LGN located on the Thalamus?

A

posterior small bump, laterally

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17
Q

What type of information does the LGN carry?

A

visual

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18
Q

Where does the VPM get it’s information from?

A

cranial nerves

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19
Q

Where does the VPM send it’s information to?

A

primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann’s 3,1,2)

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20
Q

Where is the VPM located on the Thalamus?

A

posterior-medial

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21
Q

What type of information does the VPM carry?

A

somatosensory information of head/face

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22
Q

Where does the VPL get it’s information from?

A

spinal cord

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23
Q

Where does the VPL send it’s information to?

A

primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann’s 3,1,2)

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24
Q

Where is the VPL located on the Thalamus?

A

posterior-lateral thalamus

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25
Q

What type of information does the VPL carry?

A

somatosensory information of body

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26
Q

Where does the VL get it’s information from?

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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27
Q

Where does the VL send it’s information to?

A

primary and premotor cortex (brodmann’s 4 and 6)

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28
Q

Where is the VL located on the Thalamus?

A

mid thalamus, laterally

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29
Q

What type of information does the VL carry?

A

motor information

30
Q

What is the clinical name of Thalamic Pain Syndrome?

A

Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome

31
Q

How is Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome caused?

A

Lacunar/Small vessel stroke that occurs in posterior thalamus and damages somatosensory pathways to cortex

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome?

A

contralateral loss of sensation, neuropathic pain (burning, shooting, stabbing, throbbing, etc)

33
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

in the diencephalon and midbrain

34
Q

What is the basal ganglia pathway?

A

anterior association area → premotor cortices/motor cortex → basal ganglia → thalamus → premotor/primary motor cortices

35
Q

What happens if there is a lesion in the basal ganglia/cerebellum?

A

there will be impaired motor function

36
Q

What does impaired basal ganglia movement look like?

A

hypokinesia or hyperkinesia

37
Q

What does impaired cerebellum movement look like?

A

motor tone, balance/posture, and coordination are all impaired

38
Q

What are the structures within the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbems, putamen, globus pallidus external/internal, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra

39
Q

What is the “striatum” in the basal ganglia?

A

caudate and putamen

40
Q

What is the “lenticular nucleus” in the basal ganglia?

A

globus pallidus and putamen

41
Q

What is the blood supply of the basal ganglia?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries // smaller portion of basal ganglia supplied by small penetrating branches of ACA

42
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

initiating and executing movement

43
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

motor loop, association (cognitive) loop, and limbic loop

44
Q

What is the function of the motor loop of the basal ganglia?

A

modifies the motor plan to initiate and execute movement

45
Q

What is the association (cognitive) loop of the basal ganglia?

A

learning/choosing the best ways to initiate and execute movement

46
Q

What is the limbic loop of the basal ganglia?

A

supplies emotional input to the motor plan and influences how movement is initiated and executed

47
Q

What is the motor loop pathway?

A

Premotor/motor cortex sends motor plan → putamen → globus pallidus internus → thalamus

48
Q

What does Dopamine/Ach do in the motor loop DIRECT pathway?

A

Dopamine stimulates the direct pathway/promotes movement and Ach inhibits the direct pathway/supresses movement

49
Q

What does Dopamine/Ach do in the motor loop INDIRECT pathway?

A

Dopamine inhibits the indirect pathway and promotes movement / Ach stimulates the indirect pathway and supresses movement

50
Q

What produces Dopamine in the basal ganglia?

A

Substantia nigra

51
Q

What produces Ach in the basal ganglia?

A

Putamen

52
Q

What is a hypokinetic disorder?

A

loss of dopamine / excess Ach and supresses movement. Pt has difficulty initiating / executing tasks

53
Q

What is a hyperkinetic disorder?

A

loss of Ach / excess dopamine and promotes too much movement. Pt experiences constant initiation and execution of abnormal movements

54
Q

what is the order of movement disorders listed from slowest to fastest?

A

bradykinesia, rigidity, dystonia, athetosis, chorea, ballismus, tic, myoclonus, and clonus

55
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

slowed movement

56
Q

what is rigidity?

A

increased resistance to PROM // bi-directional

57
Q

what is lead-pipe rigidity?

A

resistance persists throughout entire ROM

58
Q

what is cogwheel rigidity?

A

periodic resistance at different points throughout ROM

59
Q

what is dystonia?

A

involuntary, sustained, or intermittent muscle contractions that cause twisting/repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both

60
Q

what is athetosis?

A

slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture]

61
Q

which is slower: dystonia or athetosis?

A

dystonia

62
Q

what is chorea?

A

ongoing random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements // “dance-like involuntary movements”

63
Q

what is hemi-ballismus?

A

flailing, flinging, or rotary movements of proximal limbs

64
Q

where would a lesion be that causes hemi-ballismus?

A

a lesion in the subthalamic nuclei // indirect pathway

65
Q

what are tics?

A

repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements

66
Q

what are the two tics?

A

motor tics and vocal tics

67
Q

what are tremors?

A

Rhythmic back-and-forth or oscillating involuntary movement about a joint axis

68
Q

what is a resting tremor?

A

oscillating movement occurs at rest in a postural position, but once movement starts the tremor stops

69
Q

what is an intention tremor?

A

oscillating movement occurs as arm approches “intended target” and tremor increases as target gets closer. Stops when arm is resting in postural position

70
Q

what is myoclonus?

A

Sequence of repeated, often non-rhythmic, brief shock-like jerks due to sudden involuntary contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles

71
Q

what is clonus?

A

Muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic, rapid contraction/relaxation

NeuroAnatomy & NeuroPathology Weeks 6-9 (9 decks)

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