NeuroAnatomy/ Medical Terms Flashcards
Diencephalon consists of
- Epithalamus
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
Longitudinal Fissure
divides brain into Left and Right
Left hemispheric functions
- Speech 🗣️
- Analysis 🤔
- Time ⏳
- Sequence
- Recognizes words, letters, numbers
Right hemispheric functions
- Creativity 🎨
- Patterns 🏁
- Spatial 🗺️
- Context
- Recognizes faces, places, objects
What is the difference between Broca and Wernicke’s areas?
- Broca = producing speech 🎙️ (expressive language)
- Wernicke = comprehending speech 👂 (receptive language)
Where is Broca’s Area?
Left posterior frontal lobe, just above the temporal lobe
Where is Wernicke’s area?
Left medial temporal lobe, near the auditory cortex
Sulci are
The grooves in the brain
Central Sulcus (aka Rolandic Fissure)= splits the Precentral Gyrus (Frontal Lobe) from the Postcentral Gyrus (Parietal Lobe)
What are the functions of the Precentral Gyrus and Postcentral Gyrus?
Precentral = Primary motor cortex (posterior frontal lobe)
Postcentral = Primary sensory cortex (anterior parietal lobe)
What’s the Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)?
Large Sulcus dividing the Temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes
Functions of the Frontal Lobe
- Self awareness / Reasoning
- Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus/ Primary motor cortex)
- Broca’s Area [on the LEFT - producing (expressive) speech]
- Language
- Emotions
- Long Term Memory / Planning
Functions of the Parietal Lobe
- Sensory Perception (Postcentral Gyrus/ Primary sensory cortex)
- Spatial Orientation
Functions of the Temporal Lobe
- Perception and recognition of Auditory stimuli (Heschl’s Gyrus)
- Short-term memory
- Wernicke’s Area (on the LEFT - receptive (comprehending) speech
Functions of the Occipital Lobe
Visual processing
[Within the Diencephalon]
the Hypothalamus regulates
- feeding
- fleeing
- fucking (mating)
- fighting
[Within the Diencephalon]
Functions of the Thalamus
- relays
- sorts
- and edits info
🤖📀
[Within the Diencephalon]
Basal Ganglia function(s)
large collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei
Regulates voluntary movt
Muscle tone, posture, balance
Dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia can result in…
Parkinson’s Disease
Brainstem consists of
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
Functions of the Pons
Transmits impulses between brain and spinal cord
*Motor Control
*Sleep Control
*Relays info to cerebellum & thalamus
Functions of the Midbrain
Initiation of involuntary motor responses (ex: reflex actions of the eye [superior colliculi] & reflex actions of the ear [inferior colliculi]).
Functions of the Medulla Oblongata
Transmits all ascending and descending impulses
*Center for primitive life maintenance (heart rate, respiration rate + depth, and BP maintenance).
coronal plane
divides a structure into Anterior and Posterior
sagittal plane
divides a body into Left and Right
transverse plane
divides a structure into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
caudal
away from the head
towards the tail
abbuction
movement away from the median plane in the coronal plane
Adduction
movement **towards **the body in the coronal plane
Name the 3 maters
Pia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
Pia Mater (soft mother)
innermost layer lies directly on the brain
Arachnoid Mater (spiderweb-like appearance)
middle layer - has Arachnoid Trabecule which project into the Pia Mater help to reabsorb CSF into the blood
Dura Mater (tough mother)
Outtermost Mater
2 layers: Meningeal Layer
Periosteal Layer - adheres to skull
CN I [1]
👃
Olfactory Nerve
Sensory - Smell
CN II [2]
👁
Optic Nerve
Sensory - Vision
CN III [3]
🙄
Oculomotor Nerve
Motor - eye movt: pupil size + reactivity, eye lid movt
CN IV [4]
🥺
Trochlear Nerve
Motor - eye movt: down and lateral
CN V [5]
😋🤔
Trigeminal Nerve
3 branches =
V1: Ophthalmic - sensation to face
V2: Maxillary - sensation to face
V3: Mandibular- motor to muscles of mastication
CN VI [6]
👀
Abducens Nerve
Motor - lateral eye movt
CN VII [7]
🤪😋😫
Facial Nerve
Mixed sensory and motor:
motor muscles to facial expression
sensory input to taste
autonomic input to salivary glands
CN VIII [8]
👂🤸
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Sensory - hearing and balance
CN IX [9]
😝😋
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Mixed sensory and motor: taste, movt of the soft palate, gag and swallow movts
CN X [10]
🗣
Vagus Nerve
Mixed ; pharynx & larynx sensation & speech, motor movt of swallow/ gag
CN XI [11]
🤷♀️
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Motor - movt of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
CN XII [12]
👅
Hypoglossal
Motor - tongue movt
Different functions between Ascending (afferent) tracts and Descending (efferent) nerve tracts
Ascending Tracts = Somatosensory function
Descending Tracts = Motor function
Which 3 nerves are not attached to the brainstem?
Olfactory [I], Optic [II], Spinal Accessory [XI]
Which CN do you test by having patient stick out their tongue?
CN XII [12]
Hypoglossal
Which CN do you test by having the patient shrug their shoulders or turn their head?
CN XI [11]
Spinal Accessory
Which CN do you test by checking for hoarseness or having the patient open wide and say ‘ahhh’?
CN X [10]
Vagus
Which CN do you test by checking the gag reflex?
CN IX [9]
Glossopharyngeal
Which CN do you test by looking for vertigo?
CN VIII [8]
Vestibulocochlear
Which CN do you test by having the patient smile, raise their eyebrows, &/or taste sugar/ salt?
CN VII [7]
Facial
Which CN do you test by having the patient look to the side?
CN VI [6]
Abducens
Which CN do you test by having the patient clench their teeth also by you touching their face?
CN V [5]
V 1-3
Trigeminal
Which CN do you test by having the patient look down their nose?
CN IV [4]
Trochlear
Which CN are you testing by having patient ‘follow my finger’?
CN III [3]
Oculomotor
Which CN are you testing by asking a patient what they see?
CN II [2]
Optic
Which CN are you testing by asking a patient to smell an odorous substance?
CN I [1]
Olfactory
homologous
having the same relation, relative position, or structure.
What is the angular gyrus?
It’s a portion of the parietal lobe of the brain. It plays a part in language and number processing, memory and reasoning
What does damage to the angular gyrus cause?
has been shown to cause agraphia, alexia, Gerstmann syndrome and behavioral changes.
Let’s talk Heschl’s gyrus (also known as transverse temporal gyrus)
on the superior surface of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41 and 42).
*It is entirely hidden within the Sylvian fissure.
Brodmann Area 17
Primary visual cortex
Brodmann Area 22
Primary auditory cortex
Brodmann Areas 22, 39, 40
Wernick’s Area (language comprehension)
Brodmann Areas 44, 45
Broca’s Area (motor/ producing speech)
Brodmann areas 41 and 42
Hecschl’s gyrus - the more anterior portion of the temporal lobe (BA 22 is the primary auditory cortex located more exteriorly on the temporal lobe)
*see Brodmann areas 41 and 42 on Wikipedia for image
Difference between virus vs bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that produce their own energy and can reproduce on their own.
Viruses are not living organisms and can only grow and reproduce in the cells of a host.
The right vagus nerve innervates…
the sinoatrial node of the heart
Normal CB (cerebral blood flow)
35-50 ml/ 100g/min
A TIA is?
A brief stroke-like attack wherein symptoms resolve within 24 hours.
A good website to learn anatomy
kenhub.com
These cranial nerves are Sensory
Olfactory nerve (CN I) , Optic nerve (CN II) , Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
These cranial nerves are Motor
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) , Trochlear nerve (CN IV) , Abducens nerve (CN VI) , (Spinal) Accessory nerve (CN XI) , Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
These cranial nerves are Mixed
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) , Facial nerve (CN VII) , Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) , Vagus nerve (CN X)
Left hemisphere is dominate for language in right handed people what percentage of the time?
95-99%
about 70% for left-handed individuals
The blood supply for the brain is carried by…
two internal carotid arteries and
two vertebral arteries
The Vagal nerve modulates neuronal networks that govern…
autonomic nervous system functions, which consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic parts.
DCI stands for…
delayed cerebral ischemia
agnosia is
the loss of the ability to recognize objects, faces, voices, or places.
Neurotransmitters associated with EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential):
- Glutamate
- Acetylcholine
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is
a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.
Stereognosis is
the ability to recognize objects by touch without seeing them. It’s also known as haptic perception.
Ischemia vs Infarction
Ischemia=an inadequate supply of blood to a specific organ or tissue.
Infarction=refers to the death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply.
Dyskinesia
Difficulty moving; distortion or impairment of voluntary movement, as in tic, spasm, or myoclonus.
Apraxia
the inability to carry out purposeful movements and gestures.
Aphonia
a voice disorder that causes hoarseness or loss of voice
Dysarthria
the imperfect articulation of speech
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Neurotransmitters associated with IPSP (inhibitory post-synaptic potential):
GABA
Glycine
Resting membrane potential is…
-70mV
What/ Where is:
The Medial Longitudinal Fissure (MLF)?
Divides the right and left cerebral hemispheres along the midline.
What/ Where is:
The Rolandic Fissure (Central Sulcus)?
Divides Frontal lobe (precentral gyrus) from Parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus).
What/ Where is:
Sylvian Fissure (Lateral Sulcus)?
Divides Temporal lobe from Frontal/ Parietal lobes.
Foramen is
a passage or opening between two cavities of an organ
Fossa is
a furrow or shallow depression
