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CLTM Prep > NeuroAnatomy/ Medical Terms > Flashcards

NeuroAnatomy/ Medical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon consists of

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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2
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

divides brain into Left and Right

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3
Q

Left hemispheric functions

A
  • Speech 🗣️
  • Analysis 🤔
  • Time ⏳
  • Sequence
  • Recognizes words, letters, numbers
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4
Q

Right hemispheric functions

A
  • Creativity 🎨
  • Patterns 🏁
  • Spatial 🗺️
  • Context
  • Recognizes faces, places, objects
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5
Q

What is the difference between Broca and Wernicke’s areas?

A
  • Broca = producing speech 🎙️ (expressive language)
  • Wernicke = comprehending speech 👂 (receptive language)
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6
Q

Where is Broca’s Area?

A

Left posterior frontal lobe, just above the temporal lobe

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7
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Left medial temporal lobe, near the auditory cortex

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8
Q

Sulci are

A

The grooves in the brain
Central Sulcus (aka Rolandic Fissure)= splits the Precentral Gyrus (Frontal Lobe) from the Postcentral Gyrus (Parietal Lobe)

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9
Q

What are the functions of the Precentral Gyrus and Postcentral Gyrus?

A

Precentral = Primary motor cortex (posterior frontal lobe)
Postcentral = Primary sensory cortex (anterior parietal lobe)

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10
Q

What’s the Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)?

A

Large Sulcus dividing the Temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes

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11
Q

Functions of the Frontal Lobe

A
  • Self awareness / Reasoning
  • Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus/ Primary motor cortex)
  • Broca’s Area [on the LEFT - producing (expressive) speech]
  • Language
  • Emotions
  • Long Term Memory / Planning
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12
Q

Functions of the Parietal Lobe

A
  • Sensory Perception (Postcentral Gyrus/ Primary sensory cortex)
  • Spatial Orientation
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13
Q

Functions of the Temporal Lobe

A
  • Perception and recognition of Auditory stimuli (Heschl’s Gyrus)
  • Short-term memory
  • Wernicke’s Area (on the LEFT - receptive (comprehending) speech
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14
Q

Functions of the Occipital Lobe

A

Visual processing

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15
Q

[Within the Diencephalon]
the Hypothalamus regulates

A
  • feeding
  • fleeing
  • fucking (mating)
  • fighting
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16
Q

[Within the Diencephalon]
Functions of the Thalamus

A
  • relays
  • sorts
  • and edits info
    🤖📀
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17
Q

[Within the Diencephalon]
Basal Ganglia function(s)

A

large collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei
Regulates voluntary movt
Muscle tone, posture, balance

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18
Q

Dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia can result in…

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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19
Q

Brainstem consists of

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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20
Q

Functions of the Pons

A

Transmits impulses between brain and spinal cord
*Motor Control
*Sleep Control
*Relays info to cerebellum & thalamus

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21
Q

Functions of the Midbrain

A

Initiation of involuntary motor responses (ex: reflex actions of the eye [superior colliculi] & reflex actions of the ear [inferior colliculi]).

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22
Q

Functions of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Transmits all ascending and descending impulses
*Center for primitive life maintenance (heart rate, respiration rate + depth, and BP maintenance).

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23
Q

coronal plane

A

divides a structure into Anterior and Posterior

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24
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides a body into Left and Right

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25
Q

transverse plane

A

divides a structure into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

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26
Q

caudal

A

away from the head
towards the tail

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27
Q

abbuction

A

movement away from the median plane in the coronal plane

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28
Q

Adduction

A

movement **towards **the body in the coronal plane

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29
Q

Name the 3 maters

A

Pia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater

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30
Q

Pia Mater (soft mother)

A

innermost layer lies directly on the brain

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31
Q

Arachnoid Mater (spiderweb-like appearance)

A

middle layer - has Arachnoid Trabecule which project into the Pia Mater help to reabsorb CSF into the blood

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32
Q

Dura Mater (tough mother)

A

Outtermost Mater
2 layers: Meningeal Layer
Periosteal Layer - adheres to skull

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33
Q

CN I [1]
👃

A

Olfactory Nerve
Sensory - Smell

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34
Q

CN II [2]
👁

A

Optic Nerve
Sensory - Vision

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35
Q

CN III [3]
🙄

A

Oculomotor Nerve
Motor - eye movt: pupil size + reactivity, eye lid movt

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36
Q

CN IV [4]
🥺

A

Trochlear Nerve
Motor - eye movt: down and lateral

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37
Q

CN V [5]
😋🤔

A

Trigeminal Nerve
3 branches =
V1: Ophthalmic - sensation to face
V2: Maxillary - sensation to face
V3: Mandibular- motor to muscles of mastication

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38
Q

CN VI [6]
👀

A

Abducens Nerve
Motor - lateral eye movt

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39
Q

CN VII [7]
🤪😋😫

A

Facial Nerve
Mixed sensory and motor:
motor muscles to facial expression
sensory input to taste
autonomic input to salivary glands

40
Q

CN VIII [8]
👂🤸‍

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Sensory - hearing and balance

41
Q

CN IX [9]
😝😋

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Mixed sensory and motor: taste, movt of the soft palate, gag and swallow movts

42
Q

CN X [10]
🗣

A

Vagus Nerve
Mixed ; pharynx & larynx sensation & speech, motor movt of swallow/ gag

43
Q

CN XI [11]
🤷‍♀️

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve
Motor - movt of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

44
Q

CN XII [12]
👅

A

Hypoglossal
Motor - tongue movt

45
Q

Different functions between Ascending (afferent) tracts and Descending (efferent) nerve tracts

A

Ascending Tracts = Somatosensory function

Descending Tracts = Motor function

46
Q

Which 3 nerves are not attached to the brainstem?

A

Olfactory [I], Optic [II], Spinal Accessory [XI]

47
Q

Which CN do you test by having patient stick out their tongue?

A

CN XII [12]
Hypoglossal

48
Q

Which CN do you test by having the patient shrug their shoulders or turn their head?

A

CN XI [11]
Spinal Accessory

49
Q

Which CN do you test by checking for hoarseness or having the patient open wide and say ‘ahhh’?

A

CN X [10]
Vagus

50
Q

Which CN do you test by checking the gag reflex?

A

CN IX [9]
Glossopharyngeal

51
Q

Which CN do you test by looking for vertigo?

A

CN VIII [8]
Vestibulocochlear

52
Q

Which CN do you test by having the patient smile, raise their eyebrows, &/or taste sugar/ salt?

A

CN VII [7]
Facial

53
Q

Which CN do you test by having the patient look to the side?

A

CN VI [6]
Abducens

54
Q

Which CN do you test by having the patient clench their teeth also by you touching their face?

A

CN V [5]
V 1-3
Trigeminal

55
Q

Which CN do you test by having the patient look down their nose?

A

CN IV [4]
Trochlear

56
Q

Which CN are you testing by having patient ‘follow my finger’?

A

CN III [3]
Oculomotor

57
Q

Which CN are you testing by asking a patient what they see?

A

CN II [2]
Optic

58
Q

Which CN are you testing by asking a patient to smell an odorous substance?

A

CN I [1]
Olfactory

59
Q

homologous

A

having the same relation, relative position, or structure.

60
Q

What is the angular gyrus?

A

It’s a portion of the parietal lobe of the brain. It plays a part in language and number processing, memory and reasoning

61
Q

What does damage to the angular gyrus cause?

A

has been shown to cause agraphia, alexia, Gerstmann syndrome and behavioral changes.

62
Q

Let’s talk Heschl’s gyrus (also known as transverse temporal gyrus)

A

on the superior surface of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann areas 41 and 42).
*It is entirely hidden within the Sylvian fissure.

63
Q

Brodmann Area 17

A

Primary visual cortex

64
Q

Brodmann Area 22

A

Primary auditory cortex

65
Q

Brodmann Areas 22, 39, 40

A

Wernick’s Area (language comprehension)

66
Q

Brodmann Areas 44, 45

A

Broca’s Area (motor/ producing speech)

67
Q

Brodmann areas 41 and 42

A

Hecschl’s gyrus - the more anterior portion of the temporal lobe (BA 22 is the primary auditory cortex located more exteriorly on the temporal lobe)
*see Brodmann areas 41 and 42 on Wikipedia for image

68
Q

Difference between virus vs bacteria

A

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that produce their own energy and can reproduce on their own.
Viruses are not living organisms and can only grow and reproduce in the cells of a host.

69
Q

The right vagus nerve innervates…

A

the sinoatrial node of the heart

70
Q

Normal CB (cerebral blood flow)

A

35-50 ml/ 100g/min

71
Q

A TIA is?

A

A brief stroke-like attack wherein symptoms resolve within 24 hours.

72
Q

A good website to learn anatomy

A

kenhub.com

73
Q

These cranial nerves are Sensory

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I) , Optic nerve (CN II) , Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

74
Q

These cranial nerves are Motor

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III) , Trochlear nerve (CN IV) , Abducens nerve (CN VI) , (Spinal) Accessory nerve (CN XI) , Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

75
Q

These cranial nerves are Mixed

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) , Facial nerve (CN VII) , Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) , Vagus nerve (CN X)

76
Q

Left hemisphere is dominate for language in right handed people what percentage of the time?

A

95-99%
about 70% for left-handed individuals

77
Q

The blood supply for the brain is carried by…

A

two internal carotid arteries and
two vertebral arteries

78
Q

The Vagal nerve modulates neuronal networks that govern…

A

autonomic nervous system functions, which consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic parts.

79
Q

DCI stands for…

A

delayed cerebral ischemia

80
Q

agnosia is

A

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, faces, voices, or places.

81
Q

Neurotransmitters associated with EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential):

A
  • Glutamate
  • Acetylcholine
82
Q

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is

A

a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

83
Q

Stereognosis is

A

the ability to recognize objects by touch without seeing them. It’s also known as haptic perception.

84
Q

Ischemia vs Infarction

A

Ischemia=an inadequate supply of blood to a specific organ or tissue.
Infarction=refers to the death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply.

85
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Difficulty moving; distortion or impairment of voluntary movement, as in tic, spasm, or myoclonus.

86
Q

Apraxia

A

the inability to carry out purposeful movements and gestures.

87
Q

Aphonia

A

a voice disorder that causes hoarseness or loss of voice

88
Q

Dysarthria

A

the imperfect articulation of speech

89
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

90
Q

Neurotransmitters associated with IPSP (inhibitory post-synaptic potential):

A

GABA
Glycine

91
Q

Resting membrane potential is…

A

-70mV

92
Q

What/ Where is:
The Medial Longitudinal Fissure (MLF)?

A

Divides the right and left cerebral hemispheres along the midline.

93
Q

What/ Where is:
The Rolandic Fissure (Central Sulcus)?

A

Divides Frontal lobe (precentral gyrus) from Parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus).

94
Q

What/ Where is:
Sylvian Fissure (Lateral Sulcus)?

A

Divides Temporal lobe from Frontal/ Parietal lobes.

95
Q

Foramen is

A

a passage or opening between two cavities of an organ

96
Q

Fossa is

A

a furrow or shallow depression

CLTM Prep (6 decks)

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