Neuroanatomy Lecture 5

Question 1

What does UMN stand for ?

Answer 1

Upper Motor Neuron

Question 2

The Upper Motor Neuron has two motor pathways, they are the ………………. and …………………….. tracts

Answer 2

Corticobulbar , Corticospinal

Question 3

In terms of the body movements, the forebrain is responsible for …..

Answer 3

Planning, organizing and initiating the movements

Question 4

In terms of the body, the …………………………. is responsible for coordinating the regulatory functions.

Answer 4

brainstem

Question 5

The UMS are responsible for:

Answer 5

1 - Initiating Movements
2- Controlling of forces
3- Indicate the movement direction

Question 6

The …….. are considered the primary motor strip

Answer 6

Upper Motor Neurons

Question 7

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) have a …….. pathway

Answer 7

Bilateral

Question 8

………………. is the direct motor pathway from cortex to the spinal cord, and brain stem.

Answer 8

Pyramidal Tract

Question 9

The UMN have two pathways, those are

Answer 9

1 - Supply the nuclei of the CN’s that innervates the muscles of the head and neck
2 - Follow the pathway from the motor cortex to the anterior horn cell of the Spinal Chord

Question 10

The main role of the UMN is to

Answer 10

transmit different information from upper motor neurons in cortex to lower levels of the CNS

Question 11

……………………. system innervates ………………………… predominately on the opposite side of the body

Answer 11

UMN

LMN

Question 12

corticospinal tract

Answer 12

fibers that run from the cortex to the spinal chord.

• large crossed motor tract

Question 13

coticobulbar tract

Answer 13

fibers that run from motor cortex to the motor nuclei in the brain stem - cranial nerves

• smaller uncrossed motor tract

Question 14

Direct Motor Pathway:

Originates from the …………… to the …………………. motor neurons

Answer 14

Pyramidal Cells

Lower Alpha

Question 15

Indirect Motor Pathway:

The path from the …………… to the ……………..

Answer 15

Upper Motor Neuron

Lower Motor Neuron

Question 16

The ……………………….. tract and the ………………… tract make up the direct pathway

Answer 16

Corticospinal (Pyramidal)

Corticobulbar

Question 17

The …………………………. tracts make up the indirect pathway

Answer 17

Extrapyramidal

Question 18

Direct motor pathways are responsible for …………………… and ………………………

Answer 18

Purposive Movements

Phasic Commands

Question 19

The Direct Motor Pathway originates as the upper motor neurons in the …………………… and targets:

1 - lower motor neurons in ……………………… of the cranial nerves (CN) in the brainstem
2 - ……………………. of the spinal chord

Answer 19

Motor Cortex

1 - motor nuclei

2 - ventral horns

Question 20

Fibers in …………. …………. tract decussate at base of pyramids in medulla

Answer 20

lateral corticospinal

Question 21

Fibers in …………….. ………….. descend on same side, and most cross over to opposite side at level close to target lower motor neuron

Answer 21

anterior corticospinal

Question 22

For CN V - Trigeminal

A lesion in an UMN will cause paralysis of mastication muscles on the …………… to the lesion

Answer 22

opposite side

Question 23

For CN V- Trigeminal

A lesion in LMN will cause damage on the …………………… to the lesion.

Answer 23

ipsilateral - same side

Question 24

For CN VII:

UMN Pathway to target LMN for muscles of the …………….. ……….. are only ……………………….

Answer 24

lower face

contralateral ( opposite side)

Question 25

For CN VII:

UMN lesion causes voluntary paralysis of lower face on ………………. side

But emotionally - induced reactions will cause

Answer 25

the opposite

involuntary lower facial muscle response

Question 26

For CN VII:

A LMN lesion causes …….

Answer 26

paralysis of half of the face

Question 27

For CNs IX , X , XI:

• A UMN lesion will / will not cause contralateral paralysis ?

Answer 27

• Will not,

the intervention to target the LMN is both ipsilateral and contralateral, so the pathway will compensate

Question 28

For CNs IX , X , XI:

A LMN lesion will cause ……..

Answer 28

ipsilateral paralysis

Question 29

The exception of CN XI :

• this tract is primarily ……………………. , thus an UMN lesion can cause ……………………. paralysis of SCM and the trapezius muscles

Answer 29

Contralateral

Contralateral

Question 30

For CN XII:

The UMN pathway targets the LMN for the ……………………………… muscles of the tongue are primarily …………………………….

Answer 30

• Genioglossus

- contralateral

Question 31

For CN XII:

A UMN lesion will cause …………………………. of the genioglossus muscle on the ………………….. side of the lesion

Answer 31

voluntary paralysis

opposite

Question 32

For CN XII:

A LMN lesion will result in ………………………. paralysis on the …………………………. side

Answer 32

paralysis

ipsilateral

Question 33

True or False:

The tongue will deviate to the side of the lesion.

Answer 33

False:

Regardless of side of lesion, the tongue deviates to weak side on protrusion

Question 34

The Principle function of the Extrapyramidal System is

Answer 34

• to act as the coordinating mechanism for the LMN

- it regulates reflexes to maintain postural adjustments and muscle tone

Question 35

Name the Major Control Circuit Structures

Answer 35

Basal Gangila

Cerebellum

those are apart of the extrapyramidal system

Question 36

True / false:

The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are considered within indirect activation pathways as a source of input to the LMN

Answer 36

false

The Major Control Circuit Structures are not considered / not a source of input