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Anatomy > Neuroanatomy Final > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Divided into

  1. Somatic nervous system (motor pathways, sensory pathways, reflex arc)
  2. autonomic nervous system
  3. cranial nerves
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2
Q

somatic nervous system

A

soma=body

  • responsible for sensory and motor info- to and from cns
  • coordinates body movements
  • receives external stimuli
  • regulates activities under conscious control
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3
Q

Types of PNS neurons

A

sensory (afferent)–relay nerve impulses toward cns

motor (efferent)–relay nerve impulses away from cns through motor pathway

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4
Q

what are the functions of the tomato-sensory system?

A

Afferent Pathway–provides sensations to the brain like:

  • light touch -pain, pressure
  • temperature -joint and muscle position (proprioception)

These follow 3 different pathways in the spinal cord and have different targets in the brain

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5
Q

3 Pathways of Somato Sensory System

A
  1. discriminative touch –light touch, pressure, vibration perception
  2. Pain (nociceptors) & Temperature
  3. Proprioception(latin for one’s own)–muscle stretch, tendon tension, joint position–usually targets cerebellum

Sensation detectors differ in: receptors, pathways and targets and level of crossing–cerebral cortex operates on a contralateral (opposite side) basis

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6
Q

Reflex Arc

A

-involuntary movements–muscles move involuntarily w/o input from the brain, this occurs when a nerve pathway connects directly to the spinal cord
-examples: jerking hand back from touching hot pan
involuntary knee jerk
-its a neural circuit that creates an automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output

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7
Q

According to the Journal of Neuroanthropology what is considered to be the “driving force of life” and what should the brain be recognized as?

A

Emotions are the driving force of life

The brain is a “feeling organ that thinks”

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8
Q

What deep structures of the brain respond to an emotional event?

A
  1. thalamus–decides where to send incoming data
  2. sensory cortex–interprets sensory data
  3. hippocampus–stores and contrives conscious memories
  4. amygdala– decodes emotions, possible threat, stores fear emotions
  5. hypothalamus- activates fight or flight through sympathetic nervous system
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9
Q

fight or flight response

A

sympathetic nervous system sends signals throughout the body that change: facial expressions, body posture, breathing rate, heart rate, and other visceral responses

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10
Q

purpose and potential of emotions

A
  • important for: motivation, social interactions, and forming social connections
  • awareness is critical for: decision making, memory and forethought
  • managing emotions is important
  • emotions can be healing or debilitating
  • they drive our actions–happiness, love, fear, anger
  • problems arise when emotions persist for too long
  • ptsd is a good exam per of powerful emotional memories triggering abnormal behavior
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11
Q

ptsd

A

post traumatic stress disorder

  • can appear immediately or later after a traumatic period or life event
  • commonly manifests as emotional avoidance
  • making an effort to avoid: thoughts feelings, conversations about traumatic event, places or people that remind you of that traumatic event
  • sometimes they have trouble remembering important parts of the trauma
  • loss of interest in once important, positive activities, feeling distant from others, difficulty feeling happiness and love
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12
Q

pathways of depression & ptsd

A

prefrontal cortex is employed in understanding and engaging in the world

  • impairment in the pattern of activity in that part of the brain due impart to cortisol
  • stress triggers cortisol, in excessive amounts can be toxic to mind and body
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13
Q

facts and functions of cortisol

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands involved in fx’s of:
-proper glucose metabolism
-regulation of blood pressure
-insulin release for blood sugar maintenance
-immune function
-inflammatory response
higher levels in morning than at night, stress hormone–secreted at higher levels during fight or flight response

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14
Q

chronic stress causes

A
  • impaired cognitive fx
  • blood sugar imbalances like hyperglycemia
  • decreased bone density
  • decrease in muscle tissue
  • higher bp
  • lowered immunity and inflammatory responses in body
  • slowed wound healing
  • increased abdominal fat which leads to: heart attacks, strokes, higher levels of ldl (bad cholesterol), lower levels of hdl (good cholesterol)
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15
Q

how to keep cortisol levels under control

A

learn how to relax! meditation, tai chi, qi gong, yoga, acupuncture

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16
Q

jama findings on antidepressants

A

little benefit for less severe acute depression, only benefits severe depression

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17
Q

ssri adverse affects

A

nausea, insomnia, somnolence, anorexia, anxiety and nervousness, asthenia and tremor, sexual side affects

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18
Q

4 principles of qi gong that help reduce stress

A
  1. body position
  2. breathing deep
  3. relax
  4. quiet the mind–focus on breathing
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19
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla into the blood ensures that all the cells of the body will be exposed to the sympathetic stimulation even in no postgnglionic neurons reach them directly

** intimately connected to all human experiences hand human emotions

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20
Q

fx’s and responsibilities of the autonomic nervous system

A

includes sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and relax)
parasympathetic– responds quicker but with slow actions
sympathetic–still quick response, but with quick reactions

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21
Q

where do the sympathetic nerves originate and exit from the spine?

A

ThoracoLumbar region

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22
Q

TCM & Emotions

A

ht=joy lv=anger sp=pensiveness lu=anxiety kd=fear
emotions considered major internal cause of disease
prolonged duration of emotion or stressful situation causes damage
excess emotional activity causes: yin-yang energy imbalance, turbulent flow of blood, qi blockages in meridians, impairment of vital organ fx’s, insufficient to just remove the feeling, physical action must be taken away once the damage has begun

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23
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of the interacting between psychological processes, the nervous system and the immune system, relationships between mental processes and health
studies the: physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in health and disease, disorders of neuroimmune system (i.e. autoimmune, hypersenstivities, immune def.) and its physical chemical and physiological characteristics of its components
-investigated how long conditioned responses, proving the nervous system can affect the immune system

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24
Q

Mind-Body Connection discovery by Pert et al.

A

Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters:

  • act directly upon he immune system, showing their close relationship with emotions
  • suggesting mechanisms through which emotions and immunology are deeply interdependent
  • because neuropeptide-specific receptors are present on the cell walls of both the brain and cells of the immune system
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25
Q

how does the brain communicate with the immune system?

A
  1. sns (sympathetic nervous system)

2. hypothalamic-pituitarty-adrenal axis (hpa axis)

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26
Q

what is the hpa axis?

A

responds to physical and mental challenge to maintain homeostasis in part by controlling the body’s cortisol level

  • dysregulation of hap axis is implicated in numerous stress-related diseases
  • chronic secretion of stress hormones may reduce the effect of calming neurotransmitters, including serotonin and dopamine
27
Q

Link between stress and disease

A

stress can trigger: cognitive and affective responses, inducing sns and endocrine changes, ultimately impairing immune fx
-potential health consequences: increase rates of infection, hiv progression, cancer incidence and progression, increase stress induced heart attacks

28
Q

chronic stress affecting chromosomes and how to prevent it

A

reduces the length of the telomeres, making cells age faster

  • they are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, play a role in cell division and ensure that genetic material is correctly passed between copies of each cell, affecting cell health
  • regular exercise can prevent this type of damage, delaying cell death
  • reduced telomere length is related to a variety of cancer types and cardiovascular diseases
  • seen in ptsd and victims of child abuse
29
Q

fx’s of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and Relax part of autonomic nervous system

responsible for: constriction of pupil, slowing of the heart, dilation of blood vessels, stimulation of digestive and genitourinary systems –rest & digest, stimulates: salvation, lacrimation(tears), urination, digestion and defecation, sexual arousal, responds quicker but with slow actions

30
Q

where to parasympathetic nervous system fibers originate and exit?

A

craniosacral region,
3rd, 7th, 9th, 10th cranial nerves
S2, S3, and S$ sacral spinal nerves

31
Q

Origin/exit terms for sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

A

sympathetic=thoracolumbar outflow

parasympathetic=craniosacral outflow

32
Q

fx of nitric oxide

A

gaseous signaling molecule

  • key vertebrate biological messenger playing a role in a variety of biological processes
  • endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses NO to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax resulting in increased blood flow (vasodilation)–taking blood pressure down
  • viagra increases levels of nitric oxide
  • extra time @ the gym also increases NO levels –EXERCISE!
33
Q

major fx’s of parasympathetic stimulation

A
  • slowing down heartbeat
  • lowering bp
  • constriction of pupils
  • increased blood flow to the skin and viscera
  • peristalsis of gi tract
34
Q

how fast does the parasympathetic nervous system respond to stress?

A
  1. 1 seconds

* 10 times faster than sympathetic nervous system reaction (over 1.0 seconds)

35
Q

what are the responses and how long does the sympathetic system take to react to stress

A
  1. 0 seconds
    * increase heart rate and fore of contraction of the heart
    * increase rate and depth of breathing
    * decrease in rate of blood flow to internal organs
    * increase the blood flow to skeletal muscles
36
Q

evidence regarding constant alertness or activity of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • diminishes the fx’s of the immune system
  • causes: arterial inflammation that increases the incidence of heart attacks and strokes
  • makes body more susceptible to infections and cellular mutations that can lead to cancer
37
Q

facts about the vagus nerve

A

*vagus is latin for wandering
*provides the parasympathetic fibers to all of the organ (viscera) including the heart
*keeps inflammation under control
*conveys sensory info about the state of the body’s organs to the central nervous system
80-90% of the vagus nerve fibers are afferent (sensory) nerves (communicating state of viscera to brain)
*supplies to: pharynx, trachea, lungs, heat, esophagus, intestines, colon, tongue, ear
*connects the limbic system to major organs–returning system to relaxed fx’ing state by deactivating fight or flight
*neural pathways run 2 ways–emotions affect organs and visceral organs sense is relayed to mind
*essence of mind body connection

38
Q

what is exercise good for (besides improving fitness)

A
  • depression reduction
  • positive effects on mood for as long as 12 hours
  • make it a daily habit
39
Q

link between exercise and healing

A
  • boosted survival rates amongst the most active with adult cancer–physical and mental wellbeing
  • people who suffer from heart attacks are placed into a formal exercise rehab as part of recovery
40
Q

where do cranial nerves originate?

A

directly from the brain

-CN1 and CN2 emerge from the cerebrum

41
Q

CN1 fx

A

sense of smell

42
Q

CN 2 fx

A

vision

43
Q

CN3, 4, 6 fx

A

movement of eye and pupil

44
Q

CN5 fx

A

sensory for face and motor control of mouth

45
Q

CN 7 fx

A

taste and facial expressions

46
Q

CN 8 fx

A

hearing and balance

47
Q

CN 9 fx

A

swallowing

48
Q

CN10 fx

A

regulates fun of vital organs

49
Q

CN11 fx

A

head rotation and shoulder elevation

50
Q

CN12 fx

A

tongue movements

51
Q

causes of ms

A

autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord

  • caused by damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells
  • when damaged nerve impulses are slowed down or stopped
  • damage is caused by inflammation that arises from the body’s immune cells attack the nervous system
  • can occur along any area of brain, optic nerve and spinal cord
  • not sure of cause: possibilities-virus, genetics, environmental factors
52
Q

symptoms of ms

A
  • muscle symptoms: loss of balance, muscle spasms, numbness or abnormal sensations, problems moving limbs, problems walking, problems w/ coordination and making small movements, tremor in limbs, weakness in limbs
  • bowel and bladder: constipation, stool leakage, difficulty beginning to urinate, frequent need to urinate, strong urge to urinate, urine leakage (incontinence)
  • eye symptoms: double vision, eye discomfort, uncontrollable rapid eye movement, vision loss, numbness, tingling, px, facial px, pxful muscle spasms,
  • other brain & nerve: decrease attention span, poor judgement, memory loss, difficult reasoning and solving problems, depression, dizziness and glance problems, hearing loss, fatigue
53
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • form of dementia thats gradually best worse over time, affecting memory, thinking, and behavior
  • problems with language, decision making ability, judgment, and personality
  • genetic and environmental factors
  • only way to know for certain is to examine a sample of their brain tissue after death
  • more common in ad brains: neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, senile plaques
  • symptoms: misplacing items, getting lost on familiar routes, personality changes, loss of social skills, flat mood, lose interest in things, difficulty in tasks that require thought but used to be easy (balancing a check book)
  • progressions: hallucinations, arguments, striking out, violent behavior, delusions, depression, agitation, difficulty doing basic tasks(cooking, driving, choosing proper dress), understanding language, recognize family members, basic daily living activities (eating, dressing, etc.)
54
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

brain disorder that leads to tremors, shaking, difficulty with walking, movement and coordination.

  • nerve cells in brain that make dopamine are slowly destroyed–dopamine is required for brain to properly send messages–leads to loss of muscle fx, damage gets worse over time
  • symptoms: mild tremor, stiff/dragging foot, shaking tremors, slowed speech, drooling and difficulty swallowing, impaired glance and walking, lack of expression in the face (lams like appearance, anxiety and confusion
  • leads to deterioration of all brain fx and an early death
55
Q

differentiate tremors

A

resting tremors that decrease or go away with intentional movement=parkinson’s

tremors that increase with intentional movements=MS

56
Q

ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis–disease of the nerve cells in brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement

  • 10% of cases are genetic, rest unknown
  • neurons (nerve cells) waste away and die and can no longer send messages to muscles–leading to to muscle weakening, inability to move arms, legs and body,
  • slowly gets worse
  • once muscles in the chest stop working it becomes hard or impossible to breath on one’s own
  • loss of muscle strength and coordination, difficulty doing routine tasks like: going up stairs, getting out of chair, swallowing, difficulty breathing, choking easily, drooling, gagging, head drop (weak neck muscles), muscle cramps and contractions and weakness that gets worse, stiff or clumsy walking, abnormal reflexes, trouble controlling crying or laughing
  • death 3-5 years after diagnosis
  • about 25% survive longer than 5 years
57
Q

Risk factors for Stroke

A 
HBP (#1 risk factor)
atrial fibrillation
diabetes
family history of stroke
heart disease
high cholesterol
increasing age
58
Q

how does aging affect the brain

A
  • much is still a mystery–mostly because lifespan and gone up to 75 from 47 in 1900
  • brain weight and volume decrease (5-10% decrease from age 20 to 90)
  • grooves on surface of brain widen and swellings on surface become smaller
  • neurofibriallary tangles (decayed portions of branchlike ventricles that extend from neurons) increase, senile plaques (abnormally hard clusters of damaged/dying neurons) form
59
Q

Latin origin of nociception

A

hurt

60
Q

Substance P & its fx

A

a neurotransmitter protein associated with the inflammatory processes, major fx is to cause pain
*new findings suggest it is involved in the integration of physical px and emotional stress and anxiety
Stage 1: substance p triggers inflammation that starts px signal Stage 2:signal increased and sent to thalamus (px processing center), here substance p can be decisive on increasing strength of px signal to new level Stage3: signal cent from thalamus to cortex where you feel px

61
Q

What is now being believed about the brain and px?

A

Brain can influence pain perception

  • if you constantly distract yourself from it it will hurt less
  • placebos often work for px
  • thoughts and emotions influence px perception physiologically and psychologically
  • older people have lesser px thresholds because the brain circuitry has started to degenerate
  • we have more px when we are stressed from fatigue
  • memory-how we have experienced it in the past can influence neural responses (limbic system)
62
Q

meditation and px

A

80 minutes of meditation training can provide fast dn effective px relief because:

  • involves cessation of thought process
  • using mindful meditation where you focus on your breathing
  • being at peace with the world
63
Q

acupuncture and px

A
  • cut blood flow to key areas of the brain within seconds
  • release dopamine which affects the mood, px and cravings parts of the brain
  • releasing endorphins-brains natural px relieving and comforting chemicals

Anatomy (5 decks)

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