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Anatomy > Anatomy 2 Final > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Final Flashcards

1
Q

how many liters of blood are in an adult?

A

4 to 6 liters

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2
Q

what is blood considered to be?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

erythrocytes, plasma, buffy coat

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4
Q

what are the formed elements of blood?

A

erythrocytes and buffy coat, these formed elements and liquid plasma compose whole blood

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5
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

  • form the lower layer of centrifuged blood
  • about 44% of the blood sample
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6
Q

buffy coat

A

the middle layer of centrifuged blood

  • thin, slightly grey white layer composed of leukocytes (white blood cells) and cell fragments (platelets)
  • 1% of blood sample
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7
Q

plasma

A

top layer of centrifuged blood

  • straw colored liquid
  • 55% of blood
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8
Q

functions of blood

A
  • transportation (rbc carry oxygen from lungs to cells and CO2 from cells back to lungs; plasma transports nutrients from gi tract and hormones secreted by glands to target cells; plasma carries waste from cells to kidneys to be removed)
  • regulation of body temp (plasma absorbs & distributes heat, vessels dilate to cool and constrict to conserve heat)
  • maintenance of fluid levels (maintains fluid level in cardiovascular system)
  • maintenance of pH levels (keeps pH at 7.4 for normal cell functioning)
  • protection (wbc guard against infection, plasma transports antiobodies, platelets & proteins protect against blood loss by forming blood clots)
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9
Q

components of plasma

A
  • extracellular fluid matrix of blood
  • mixture of water, proteins and other solutes (enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
  • 92 % water (facilitates transportation)
  • w/o proteins call serum
  • 7% proteins
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10
Q

albumins

A

smallest and most abundant plasma protein

  • regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid
  • transport proteins that carry ions, hormones and some liquids in blood
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11
Q

globulins

A

second largest group (37%)
alpha- smaller and primarily bind, support and protect water insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones and ions
gamma- immunoglobulins, produced by defense cells to protect body against pathogens

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12
Q

fibrinogen

A

4% of plasma proteins, responsible for blood clot formation

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13
Q

regulatory proteins

A

very minor class of plasma protein, include enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions in blood and hormones transported to target cells

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14
Q

hematocrit

A

% of erythrocytes in the blood, vary upon age and gender
males 42%-56%
females 38%-46%
childrens also vary
also dependent upon altitude, body produces more rbc at higher altitudes because they carry the oxygen to cells

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15
Q

erythrocytes

A

mature rbc lack nuclei-allows to carry gasses more efficiently
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells and lungs

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16
Q

hemoglobin

A

280 million molecules of red pigment hemoglobin per rbc
all have 4 protein building blocks
4 ions allow for 4 oxygen molecules to bind to each molecule
oxygen binding is weak (get from lungs and this allows them to easily detach in tissues where oxygen is needed)

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17
Q

life cycle of erythrocyte

A 
no organells, so they can't sustain themselves
life span 120 days
daily: about 1% of oldest rbc's removed
-phagocyted by sp and lv via macrophages
some components saved some discarded
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18
Q

what components of old rbc cells are saved and why?

A

heme group- converted to biliverdin (green pigment), then to bilirubin in bile to help emulsify fat and then removed
iron- transferrin transports it to liver, turns to ferritin for storage and transported to red bone marrow

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19
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, true cells with nuclei and organells
no hemoglobin.
5 types devided into 2 categories. granulocytes and agranulocytes

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20
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
-tcell manage and direct immune response
-bcell stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antiobodies
-natural killer cells attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
monocytes
-phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, debris

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21
Q

endocrine system

A

works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

  • endocrine glands produce hormones
  • hormones are chemicals secreted into blood stream to stimulate a response from another tissue or organ
  • target cells have the receptors for hormones
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22
Q

major endocrine organs

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid glad, brain, heart, small intestines, adreanal gland, pancrease, kidney, thymus, thyroid gland, ovary, testis

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23
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine-no ducts, intracellular effects (metabolism), secrete directly to bloodstream, located in highly vascularized areas

exocrine- ducts, carry secretion to body surface or organ cavity extracellular affect (digetion)

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24
Q

classification of hormones

A

peptide (hydrophyllic-polar)- chains of amino acids ex. growth hormone

steroid (hydrophobic-nonpolar)- lipid derived from cholesterol ex. testosterone

biogenic amines (hydrophobic-nonpolar) small molecule produced by altering a structure of an amino acid ex. thyroid hormone

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25
Q

endocrine function of the heart

A

decrease blood volume and blood pressure and increase sodium and water loss by kidneys

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26
Q

endocrine function of kidneys

A

increase absorption of calcitrol and decrease its loss from bone deposition

erythropoietin- stimulates bonemarrow to produce rbc’s

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27
Q

endocrine function of stomach and small intestines

A

enteric hormones coordinate digestive motility and secretion

28
Q

endocrine function of the liver

A

regulate blood pressure, stimulate bone marrow to produce rbc’s and mediate action of GH

29
Q

endocrine function of placenta

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone to regulate pregnancy, stimulate development of fetus and mammary glands

30
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

30
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

31
Q

small intestines facts

A

17 to 21 feet (5-6 meters)
where most of the nutrients from ingested food is absorbed
covered in plicae circulara (wrinkles) to increase surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients
digestion here produces a mixture of disaccharides, peptides, fatty acids, and monoglycerides
each villus has microvilli, which increase surface area to 200 square meters
each villus contains lacteal (absorbs fat) & capillaries (absorb all other nutrients)

31
Q

Oropharynx

A

Between soft palate root of tongue goes as far down as hyoid bone
Contains pal anyone and lingual tonsils

32
Q

large intestine facts

A

receives liquid residue after digestion and absorption, nourishes large population of bacteria
reobsorption of water is main function-to avoid dehydration
about 5 ft long, cecum, colon, rectum and canal

32
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

From hyoid to cricoid cartilage

33
Q

liver facts

A

largest glandular oragn, 3lbs,
4 unequal lobes (left, right, quadrate, caudate)
falciform ligament separates left and right
round ligament separates quadrate and caudate
gallbladder adheres to ventral surface between right and quadrate lobes

33
Q

Stomach functions

A
  1. Store swallowed food & liquid
  2. Mixes it with digestive juices
  3. Empties contents slowly to small intestines
34
Q

functions of liver

A
  1. converts glucose to glycogen
  2. produces urea
  3. makes certain amino acids
  4. filters harmful substances from blood
  5. stores vitamins and minerals (a, d, k and b12)
  6. maintains proper blood glucose levels
  7. produces cholesterol
35
Q

omentum

A

lacy layer of connective tissue that contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
purpose is to catch and store fat so your stomach has access to it, but it can create an inflammatory process and irritate arteries
healthy=thin and transparent
receives stress hormone cortisol which can make it grow

36
Q

adensosine triphosphate (atp)

A

energy from food that is converted to their constitutional parts and then to atp when needed
used for all energy requiring processes
heavy molecule-we use about 75% of our body mass daily of atp–so eat well and often!

37
Q

functions of urinary system

A
  1. remove waste products from blood stream
  2. storage and excretion of urine
  3. blood volume regulation
  4. regulation of erythrocyte production by measuring oxygen in blood
38
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

superior pole @ T12, inferior @ L3, right KD 2 cm lower than left
retroperitoneal- between peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall

39
Q

nephron facts

A 
glomerous (bp pushes plasma into bowman's capsule, only place where blood is filtered)
proximal tubule (nutrients moved out through active transport and water follows by osmosis)
loop of henle (salty, allowing water to diffuse the loop)
distal tubule (moves more nutrients out and ions, drugs, toxins actively pumped into tubule)
collecting duct (more water leaves by osmosis and some urea gets out)
40
Q

ureter

A

long muscular tubes, carry urine to the bladder by peristalsis (rhythmic muscle contraction)

41
Q

urinary bladder

A

expandable muscular organ, stores up to 500 mL, trigone-triangle formed by ureters and urethra,

42
Q

urethra

A

tube that moves urine from the bladder to outside the body. shorter in ladies

43
Q

abnormal constitutes of urine

A

glucose (from stress, diabetes, excess carbs)
albumin, ketone bodies, ketonuria (starvation, diabetes)
rbc, hemoglobin, bile pigments, wbc (uti)

44
Q

acute renal failure

A

sudden lost of kidney function, can be reversed

45
Q

chronic renal failure

A

kidney slowly loses ability to function, not reversed

46
Q

cystisis

A

urinary tract infection

47
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli of kidney, one cause of chronic renal failure

48
Q

incontinence

A

inability to control urine

49
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

enlargement of kidneys due to presence of many cysts within them, slow progressive disease

50
Q

pyelonephritis

A

complicated urinary tract infection, starts in bladder and spreads to kidneys, acute or chronic

51
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones, in ducts within kidney or ureters

52
Q

prostate gland

A

cluster of glands the size of a walnut, surrounds urethra
secretes thick whitish fluid that helps transport sperm
growth stops and 20 and starts again at age 50
enlarged it affects urination

53
Q

3 phases of ovarian cycle

A
  1. follicular phase- days 1-13
  2. ovulation- day 14 release of the secondary oocyte from vesicular follicle
  3. luteal phase- days 15-28 remaining follicle cells turn to corpus luteum, secrete estrogen and progesterone to build uterine lining and prepare for possible implantation of feritilized oocyte that has life span of 10-13 days, if not fertilizied becomes a corpus albicans and uterine lining is shed
54
Q

walls of uterus

A
  1. endometrium- innermost layer, vascular with tubular glands-mucus
  2. myometrium-middle thick muscular layer
  3. perimetrium- thin layer covers myometrium, secretes serous fluid to coat and protect uterus
55
Q

fallopian tube

A

infundibulum and fimbriae- fringed end of fallopian tube that function to catch an ovum
its a muscular tube lined with mucus membrane and cillia to propel ovum toward uterus

56
Q

uterus divisions

A

fundus-domed shaped upper portion
body-main portion
cervix-narrow lower section extending into vagina

57
Q

prenatal period-embryonic

A

formation of: placenta, amnion, umbilical cord, yolk sack, most internal organs and structures of embryo

58
Q

prenatal period-fetal

A

week 8 through birth- rapid growth
5th month skeletal muscles
6th month gains weight

59
Q

fetal circulation

A

placenta and umbilical cord carry out exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products
foramen ovale-allows blood to bypass lungs
ductus arteriosus- connection between pumonary trunk and aorta
ductuc venosus- vessel that bypasses the liver

60
Q

gestational period

A

average 266 days (post conception)

61
Q

birth process

A

begins when progesterone levels fall
prostaglandins secreted by uterus to start contractions, which stimulate pituitary to release oxytocin, which in turn stimulates strong uterine contractions

62
Q

3 stages of birth

A
  1. dilation- cervix thins and softens (8 to 24 hours)
  2. expulsion or parturtition- actual birth (30 min or less)
  3. placental stage- 10 to 15 min after birth
63
Q

postnatal period

A

6 weeks following birth
neonatal- first 4 weeks
neonate is adjusting to life outside uterus
milk production and secretion with oxytocin and prolactin

Anatomy (5 decks)

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