Neuroanatomy-Dr Felts

Question 1

The CNS consists of the ______ and ______ _____ whereas the PNS consists of the ____ pairs of cranial nerves and the _____ pairs of spinal nerves with their branches

Answer 1

Brain
spinal cord
12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves

Question 2

1. The Thalamus and hypothalamus together is called the ___________. The brain stem consists of the ______ __________, _________, _____.
2. A typical bipolar neuron of the brain consists of a central ____ ____/_____ with a number of ________ branching off this and a single ______.
3. What are the four major types of glial cells?

Answer 2

1. Diencephalon, medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons
2. cell body/soma, dendrites, axon
3. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

Question 3

1. How do astrocytes appear? what is their function?
2. What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
3. What is the purpose of microglia?
4. What is the purpose of Ependymal cells?

Answer 3

1. Star shaped- support, maintain blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis
2. Produce myelin to create sheath around CNS neurons. This increases speed of transmission using nodes of Ranvier
3. Immune monitoring and antigen presentation
4. Epithelium like cells which cover the surface of the ventricles

Question 4

1. The topography of the brain exhibits ______, ______ and ________ which are deeper ______.
2. The _____ matter of the brain is superficial to the ____ matter. The grey matter consists of the neurons and their support cells whereas the white matter consists of the _____ and their support cells
3. How does the spinal cord differ with regards the matter?
4. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the _____ _______. The ________ _______ separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

Answer 4

1. Gyri, sulci and fissures
2. grey, white, axons
3. the grey matter is deep to the white matter
4. central sulcus, lateral fissure

Question 5

1. Name the five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
2. Name the three layers of the meninges superficial to deep.
3. The subarachnoid space is found between the _____ ______ and _____ ______ and contains the ______________ fluid.
4. The lateral ventricles contain the ________ ______ which produces _______________ ______.

Answer 5

1. Parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital, insular lobe
2. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
3. Arachnoid mater, pia mater, cerebrospinal fluid
4. Choroid plexus, cerebrospinal fluid

Question 6

1. The circle of Willis is the anastamosis between the _______ ________ system and the _______________ system.
2. Name the three pairs of arteries that supply the brain
3. How does blood drain from the brain?

Answer 6

1. internal carotids, vertebro-basilar system
2. anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries
3. through the Dural venous sinuses and out by the jugular vein

Question 7

1. The spinal cord gives rise to ______ pairs of ______ ______. There are 8 _______, 12 __________, 5 ______, 5 _________ and 1 __________. There are two enlargements, one in the ______ region and one in the ______ region.
2. Name the ligaments that anchor the spinal cord in the spine.
3. The end of the spinal cord is called the _____ _________, which continues as the ______ ________ which is anchored in the _________.

Answer 7

1. 31, spinal nerves, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal, cervical and lumbar.
2. Denticulate ligaments.
3. Conus terminalis, filum terminale, coccyx

Question 8

1. The spinal cord consists of 4 columns and the central canal- name these columns
2. Identify the major blood supplies to the spinal cord
3. Identify the two means of venous drainage of the spinal cord.

Answer 8

1. anterior, posterior, two laterals
2. Three longitudinal arteries, segmental arteries and radicular arteries (which follow the dorsal and ventral roots).
3. Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexuses

Question 9

1. The primary sensory cortex is located on the __________ ______.
2. Name the system that carries fine touch and conscious proprioception sensory information to the brain.
3. Name the tract that carries pain, temperature and deep pressure sensory information to the brain

Answer 9

1. Somatosensory, postcentral gyrus
2. Dorsal column/medial lemniscus system
3. Spinothalamic tract

Question 10

1. Where is the primary motor cortex located?

2. Name the tract that carries fine, precise movement motor information away from the brain.

Answer 10

1. Postcentral gyrus

2. Corticospinal tract (also called pyramidal tract)

Question 11

1. Name the tissue that lies superior to the cerebellum
2. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three stalks- what are they called?
3. Name the three layers of the cerebellar cortex

Answer 11

1. Tentorium cerebelli
2. The superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle
3. Molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granule cell layer

Question 12

1. Name the three divisions of the cerebellum
2. Cerebellar hemispheres influence the ___________ side of the body whereas cerebral hemispheres influence the _________ side of the body.

Answer 12

1. Vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, pontocerebellum

2. Ipsilateral, contralateral

Question 13

1. What are the three functions of the basal ganglia?
2. Define basal ganglia
3. Name the five basal ganglia
4. Unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect the ________ side of the body.
5. Identify the 4 possible symptoms of basal ganglia lesions.
6. Name two disorders associated with the basal ganglia

Answer 13

1. Facilitating purposeful movement, inhibit unwanted movements, role in posture and muscle tone.
2. A number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere
3. caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
4. Contralateral
5. changes in muscle tone, tremors, chorea and myoclonus
6. Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease

Question 14

1. Name the sensory cells that detect sound sensory information.
2. Name the two auditory areas of the brain and their location.
3. Name the two visual areas of the brain and the sulcus that divides them.
4. Name the nuclei with which the optic nerves synapse before reaching the visual areas of the brain
5. Name the two nuclei found in the Pupillary light reflex loop.

Answer 14

1. Organ of Corti
2. Primary Auditory cortex and the auditory association complex. Found immediately inferior to the lateral fissure on the temporal lobe
3. Primary visual cortex and the visual association cortex, calcarine sulcus
4. Lateral geniculate nuclei
5. Pretectal nuclei and Edinger-Westphal nuclei

Question 15

1. Define Hemianopia

2. Define homonymous and heteronymous

Answer 15

1. Blindness of half the field of vision in one or both eyes

2. Homonymous- visual loss in same area on both sides. Heteronymous, visual loss on different areas on both sides

Question 16

1. Where is the primary gustatory nucleus of the brain found?
2. Even though the two cerebral hemispheres appear similar, and receive
   similar inputs, in some ‘higher’ functions one hemisphere ‘takes the
   lead’ and we refer to this as the _________ hemisphere.
3. Name the three types of White matter fibres found in the cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 16

1. At the inferior most part of the postcentral gyrus
2. Dominant
3. Association, commissural and projection

Question 17

Name the nuclei from which the following originate:

1. Oculomotor
2. trochlear
3. abducens
4. Hypoglossal
5. Trigeminal
6. Facial
7. Glossopharyngeal
8. Vagus

Answer 17

1. Edinger-Westphal nucleus (midbrain)
2. Trochlear nucleus (midbrain)
3. Abducens nucleus (pons)
4. Hypoglossal nucleus (medulla oblongata)
5. Mesencephalic nucleus, Pontine-trigeminal nucleus, spinal nucleus
6. Facial motor nucleus, salivatory nucleus, solitary nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus
7. Solitary, spinal trigaminal, nucleus ambiguus, inferior salivatory
8. Dorsal, Solitary, spinal trigeminal, nucleus ambiguus.