Gross Anatomy- Dr McDougall

Question 1

1. Name the two main types of neurons
2. How do the Axons and cell bodies differ
3. Define a nerve. What are they called in the CNS?

Answer 1

1. Multipolar and unipolar
2. Multipolar has one axon and unipolar has two. Cell body of multipolar in CNS whereas cell body of unipolar in PNS
3. A collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels. Tracts rather than nerves.

Question 2

1. Where are the spinal nerves located?
2. Name the branches that converge to form the spinal nerve
3. What does the spinal nerve branch into?
4. All sensory neurons are carried ___________ whereas all motor neurons are carried _________.
5. What is the name given to the area of skin, and the area of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve

Answer 2

1. Only in the intervertebral foramina
2. Posterior/anterior rootlets and then the posterior/anterior roots then spinal nerve
3. Anterior and posterior rami
4. Posteriorly, anteriorly
5. Dermatome and myotome

Question 3

1. On what dermatome is the nipple and the umbilicus found?
2. Name the twelve cranial nerves
3. Sympathetic nerves exhibit ____________ outflow whereas parasympathetic nerves show ____________ outflow.

Answer 3

1. Nipple-T4, umbilicus-T10
2. Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
3. Thoracolumbar, craniosacral

Question 4

1. Name the four extrinsic back muscles

2. Name the two main intrinsic back muscles

Answer 4

1. latissimus dorsi, rhomboids, levator scapulae, trapezius

2. erector spinae, transversospinalis

Question 5

1. How many vertebrae do we possess?
2. How many of each type?
3. What name is given to the first and second cervical vertebrae?

Answer 5

1. 33 vertebrae
2. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal
3. C1 is atlas and C2 is axis

Question 6

1. The spinal cord begins at the ________ ________ and ends around vertebral level ____/____.
2. What is the name given to spinal nerves L3-coccygeal?
3. Name the layers from the spinal cord to the vertebral body.

Answer 6

1. foramen magnum, L1/L2
2. Cauda equina
3. spinal cord, Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, epidural fat, vertebral body

Question 7

Name the foramen through which the following pass:

1. V2
2. V3
3. VII and VIII
4. IX, X and XI
5. XII
6. III, IV, V1, VI
7. II
8. I

Answer 7

1. Foramen rotundum
2. Foramen ovale
3. Internal acoustic meatus
4. Jugular foramen
5. Hypoglossal canal
6. Superior orbital fissure
7. Optic canal
8. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 8

1. Name the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve
2. From what part of the CNS does the trigeminal originate?
3. Name the four jaw muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve

Answer 8

1. Ophthalmic, Maxillary, mandibular
2. Pons (only CN to stem from pons)
3. Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid (lateral only one that opens jaw)

Question 9

1. From what part of the CNS does the glosspharyngeal and vagus nerves stem?

Answer 9

1. Medulla oblongata

Question 10

1. Name the 5 layers of the scalp in order
2. Name the thinnest part of the skull and the artery that passes beneath it
3. Name the part of the dura mater that covers the pituitary gland
4. Name the part of the dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 10

1. Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, Pericranium
2. Pterion, middle meningeal artery
3. Diaphragm sellae
4. Falx cerebri

Question 11

1. Name the major venous drain of the superior aspect of the brain
2. Name the sinus’ that lies above the jugular foramen

Answer 11

1. Superior sagittal sinus

2. Left and right sigmoidal sinus

Question 12

1. The vertebral artery stems from the ___________ arteries passes through the ________ ________ on the vertebrae. Then it passes through the _________ ________. They confluence to form the _________ artery.

Answer 12

1. subclavian, transverse foraminae, foramen magnum basilar

Question 13

1. Define hydrocephalus
2. Name the three types of cranial cavity haemorrhages
3. Identify where each of these would be located
4. Identify the cause of each type

Answer 13

1. Excess of CSF within the ventricular system
2. Extradural, subdural, subarachnoid
3. Extradural: between bone and dura
   subdural: between dura and arachnoid
   subarachnoid: in subarachnoid space
4. Extradural: ruptured middle meningeal artery
   Subdural: ruptured cerebral veins
   subarachnoid: ruptured circle of willis/congenital aneurysm