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ANP 1111V > Neuroanatomy - Brain stem, Spinal cord, Protection of CNS > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Brain stem, Spinal cord, Protection of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

The brain stem consists of what?
And what is its role?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
- Rigidly programmed automatic behaviour
- Pathway between high & low neural centres
- Associated with 10 pairs of cranial nerves

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2
Q

What contains large pyramidal motor tracts on the midbrain?

A

The 2 cerebral peduncles (sends motor instructions to body)

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3
Q

What surrounds the cerebral aqueduct? What is its function? (midbrain)

A

The periaqueductal GM surrounds the cerebral aqueduct. It is involved in pain suppression (inhibitory)

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4
Q

Describe the corpora quadrigeminal

A

From the midbrain
4 bodies:
Paired superior colliculi responsible for visual reflex
Paired inferior colliculi responsible for auditory relay & startle reflex

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5
Q

High melanin content, a precursor of dopamine

A

Substantia nigra

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6
Q

What is richly vascularized and is a relay nuclei for descending pathways? What movement does it help with?

A

The red nucleus, limb flexion

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7
Q

Which level of the ventricle is the pons at and which cranial nerve is it associated with? Other pons nuclei also a part of ….

A

4th ventricle
- Cranial nerves: Trigeminal (V), Abducens (6), Facial (7)
- Also a part of reticular formation

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8
Q

Medulla oblongata has a decussation of pyramids. Explain this.

A

Contralateral: fibers cross over to opposites side before continuing to spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is the role of the inferior olivary nuclei and which part of the brain stem is it from?

A

The olivary nuclei is from the medulla. It is responsible to relay sensory info of muscles stretch & joints to cerebellum

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10
Q

List the cranial nerves associated with the medulla.

A

Cranial nerves Hypoglossal (XII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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11
Q

Explain the role of the medulla oblongata.

A

The medulla has an important role for autonomic reflex centre for homeostasis.
- Cardiovascular centre
- Respiratory centre
- Vomiting, hiccups, seezing

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12
Q

Does the medulla overlap with another structure?

A

Medulla overlaps with hypothalamus because the instructions are sent through medullary centres to carry out motor output.

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13
Q

Timing and patterns are influenced by the cerebellum. Is doing the movements conscious or not under conscious control? Examples?

A

Not under a lot of conscious control, automatic
- Ex. Driving, typing, playing instrument

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14
Q

Describe the cerebellum and how is it connected.

A

Bilaterally symmetrical and connected by vermis. There are transverse fissures called folia.

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15
Q

Lists the 3 lobs of the cerebellum and their roles.

A

Anterior and posterior lobes have overlapping sensory & motor maps of body, and receiving input from a body regions also controls output from the same region.

Flocculonodular lobes - equilibrium sensory (balance & eye movement)

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16
Q

Describes the medial, intermediate, and lateral aspects of the cerebellum.

A

Medial: head and girdle
Intermediate: distal limbs, skilled movement
Lateral: association areas - planning movements

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17
Q

Explain how a movement response is carried out by the cerebellum (how is it the blueprint).

A

Coordination of proprioceptive, planning info, and instructions to motor cortex via thalamus.

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18
Q

Explain ipsilateral. Which part of the brain does this applies to?

A

Fibers entering and leaving are affecting the same side of the body.
- Cerebellar peduncles

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19
Q

What does the cerebellar peduncles connect?

A

The cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

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20
Q

Describe the superior (outgoing) peduncles and what part of the brainstem does it connect to.

A

Superior peduncle connect cerebellum to midbrain.
Fibers containing instructions are going from cerebellum to midbrain to thalamus (gateway) to motor cortex.

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21
Q

Describe the middle (incoming) peduncles and what part of the brainstem does it connect to.

A

Middle peduncle connect cerebellum to pons.
Pons passes the info about voluntary motor activities initiated by motor cortex to cerebellum.

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22
Q

Describe the inferior (incoming) peduncles and what part of the brain does it connect to.

A

Inferior peduncle connect cerebellum to medulla.
Sensory info from proprioceptors & vestibular nuclei to cerebellum.

23
Q

Briefly describe the cerebellar processing to fine-tune motor activity. (Ask what when where how)

A
  • Cortex frontal motor association area - plan and indicate intention of action… sends collaterals to cerebellum
  • Cerebellum also receives proprioceptive & visual/equilibrium info
  • Cerebellar cortex receives the info and determines best way to coordinate force
  • Via superior peduncles, cerebellum dispatches blueprint for coordination to cerebral motor cortex and to brain stem nuclei (ex. red nucleus)… to motor neurons of spinal cord
24
Q

Cerebellar injury is linked to what?

A

Loss of muscle tone - clumsy movements

25
Q

Explain the meaning of emotional-visceral brain and what makes up the limbic system.

A
  • Amygdala: fear, danger, anger
  • Hippocampus: emotions & memories
  • Anterior cingulate gyrus: gestures, body language
26
Q

The limbic system links 3 things…

A

Odour, memories, & emotions

27
Q

Explain the function of the reticular activating system RAS

A

Maintain arousal & filter incoming signals

28
Q

What is the ideal spot for a puncture to the spinal cord and why?

A

Below 1-2L, lumbar puncture
Because nerves are more dispersed

29
Q

Briefly describe the spinal cord

A

A 2-way conducting system
- Major reflex centre and initiate complex patterns for motor activity

30
Q

The spinal cord must be held in place. This structure is pia matter shelving that has indentations to allow the spinal cord to be anchored loosely.

A

Denticulate ligaments

31
Q

The spinal cord must be held in place. This structure is pia mater-covered conus extension

A

Filium terminale

32
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

“Horses’ tail”, terminal neurons of spinal cord that come down then out laterally.

33
Q

The anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord are connected by what?

A

Gray commissure, which is where the central canal is for CSF

34
Q

What is associated with the lateral horns of the spinal cord?

A

The thoracic & superior lumbar regions of spinal cord.

35
Q

The anterior horns are largest where?

A

Cervical & lumbar enlargements (for upper & lower limbs)

36
Q

Compare and contrast the 3 horns of spinal cord GM

A

Posterior horns: interneurons, input from somatic & visceral, enter via dorsal root

Anterior horns: somatic motor neurons exit via ventral roots

Lateral horns: ANS motor neurons to visceral organs exit via ventral roots

37
Q

What forms the dorsal root ganglions?

A

Afferent fibers from peripheral sensory receptors

38
Q

List the general properties of spinal tracts

A
  • Most pathway have decussation
  • Most consists of 2-3 neurons chain
  • Somatotopy
  • All pathways are paired
39
Q

What the 3 meninges and what are the functions of the meninges (meninx sing.)?

A

Dura, arachnoid, pia matter

  • Cover & protect CNS
  • Protect blood vessels & encloses venous sinuses
  • Contain CSF
  • Form division within skull
40
Q

Which of the layers of the dura matter that the spinal cord has?

A

Only the meningeal layer

41
Q

List the two layers of dura matter.

A

Outer periosteal and inner meningeal layer

42
Q

The dural septa creates partitions and anchoring. List the 3 fissures.

A
  • Falx cerebri: L&R cerebral hemispheres
  • Falx cerebelli: (vermis) L&R cerebellum
  • Tentorium cerebelli: Cerebral hem & cerebellum
43
Q

What is the space that separates the dura mater from he arachnoid matter?

A

Subdural space

44
Q

What is the space that separates the pian matter from the arachnoid matter?

A

Subarachnoid space

45
Q

What is the role of arachnoid granulations (villi)?

A

To absorb the accumulating CSF to the venous sinus, which will be reabsorbed back into bloodstream.

46
Q

What is the infection of meninges that causes them to be inflamed? What can that lead to if it remains untreated?

A

Meningitis.
This can develop to be encephalitis, which causes brain inflammation.

47
Q

Compare CSF to plasma

A

Filtrate form of plasma with less proteins, less Ca++, less K+, but more vit C, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, H+.

48
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

To filter the CSF going in and out. The cells are linked by tights junctions.

49
Q

How many times a day is the CSF replaced and how much?

A

Every 8h or 3x a day, 150 ml

50
Q

What is the disorder where the CSF build up in the ventricles faster than it can be drained?

A

Hydrocephalus
(Cause an increase in pressure, more fatal to adult brain because skull more rigid)

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood-brain barrier

A
  • Epithelium of capillary wall (tight junctions)
  • Basal lamina (contains enzymes)
  • Astrocytes & pericytes (maintain endothelial cells)
52
Q

What can get in the blood-brain barrier?

A

Glucose, essential amino acids, electrolytes
- Facilitated diffusion and fat-soluble molecules (including drugs and alcohol)

53
Q

Where is the blood-brain barrier very permeable?

A

Near vomiting centre and hypothalamus

54
Q

Summarize the formation & circulation of CSF.

A
  • The choroid plexuses are found on the 3rd and 4th ventricles where the CSF is produced.
  • CSF flows through the ventricles and then into the median and paired lateral apertures to reach the subarachnoid space.
  • Arachnoid granulations villi will reabsorb CSF into dural (venous) sinuses.
  • Turnover 3x a day

ANP 1111V (4 decks)

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