neuroanatomy Flashcards
Hindbrain structures
Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Reticular formation, cranial nerves, cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Respiration, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing
Reticular formation
Levels of arousal participate in sleep, suppression of this results in anesthetic effect
Metencephalon
Ascending descending tracks from the periphery contains pons and cerebellum
Midbrain structures
AKA, Mesencephalon; contains Tectum (colliculi), Tegmentum, cerebral pundicles
Tectum
Superior colliculi, sight. inferior colliculi, sound .
Tegmentum
Periaqueductal gray (produces endogenous opiates), Substania nigra (produces dopamine), Red nucleus (responsible for motor behavior)
Forebrain
Diencephalon, Thalamus, hypothalamus, telencephalon
Thalamus
all sensory info except smell, refines sensory info before sending it to the cortexl. thalamus is an essential component of attention. Damage at thalamic level = difficulty maintaining arousal, damage at cortex = twilight state (eyes open) cannot track objects.
Functional pluripotentiality
brain regions can perform novel functions, think of the ferets with a visual temporal lobe or the sensation of an amputy feeling their hand on their face
Single dissociation
damage in brain structure A produces disfunction in ability X, and not Y
Double dissociation
damage in brain structure A produces disfunction in ability X, and not Y. Damage in brain structure B produces disfunction in ability Y but not X
Disconnection syndrome
Disfunction associated with an inability of one part of the brain to communicate with another, likely due to lesions of connecting fibers. Think frontal lobe related deficits in a patient with a perfectly intact frontal lobe
Primary sensory area
recieves processes and stores sensory/basic psychophysical information. most specified in construction (less complex)
Secondary area (association cortex)
recieves info from primary area, organizes and interprets information. Visual, somatosensory, auditory
Tertiary area
recieves info from secondary area. Integrates different sensory information, supramodel areas, frontal lobes (maybe the angular gyrus)
Progressive lateralization
the higher order the function the more lateralized it is: language
Sensory higherarchial sequence
primary-secondary-tertiary (challenge to model, parrallel processing at all points)
Motor higherarchial sequence
tertiary-secondary-primary (challenge to model, parrallel processing at all points)
Astrocytes
scaffolding, blood brain barrier, guide neural migration
Hypothalamus
regulates basic functions like thirst, hungry, sex. comprised of: , lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus. connected to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum
Lateral hypothalamus
reward center, reacts to eating novel food
ventromedial hypothalamus
stops us from eatig food, antagonal relationship with LH
telencephalon
composed of; limbic system, cerebal cortex, basal ganglia, olfactory buld
lateral sulcus
AKA sylvian fissure, seperates the frontal and part of the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
central sulcus
ALA sulcus of Rolando, seperates the pre&post central gyri or motor and somatosensory cortex respectively
Basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, Substania nigra, subthalamic nucleus, internal capsule, corona radiata
caudate nucleas
C-shaped structure with a wide head attached to the putamen, tapering bpody, somtimes called the genu and a tail that terminates in a connection with the amygdala
Lenticular nucleus
putamen, globus pallidus
internal capsule
V-shaped when brain is cut horizontally, seperate thalamus from globus palidus and those stuctures from the head of the cudate nucleaus. A whit matter fiber bundle.
Corona radiate
the fanning white matter projections from the internal capsule to the cortex
Corpus striatum
(striped body)basal ganglia = internal capsul, subthalamic nuclei-treatment for parkinson’s or motor abnormalities involve electrode stimulation of this area.
Association fiber
U shaped fibers connecting on area of cortex to another
Projectiong fiber
connections running from subcortical to cortical structures
amterior commisure
white matter track that connects the temporal lobes
association fibers
white matter fibers within one hemisphere (ipsilateral fibers) ie; short (ushaped fibers) long association fibers such as the; arcuate fasciculus and longitudinal fasciculus
Arcuate fasciculus
long association fiber connecting broca’s area to wernikie’s area
when is the hippocampus formed
during the second trimester of pregnancy
Hippocampus is comprised of
four layers; CA1-CA4, sibiculum, dentate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, two C-shaped structures that interlock with each other: ammons horn and CA1-CA4
when the brain is deprive of oxygen, such as when a babies head is compressed this area is likely damaged
CA1 of the hippocampus
Sibiculum
filters out irrelavent information, functions differently in people with schizophrenia
Parahippocampal gyrus
filters infor before it enters hippocampus, damage results in memory problems
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is associated with lesions of
both amygdalie
Kulver bucy symptoms
losses sense of social higherarchy, pica, no fear response
Amygdala functions
paints memory, rapid face recognition, hedonic impulses: eating, social behaviors, sex agression
amygdala stimulation results in
Hallucinations, vague sensory sensations, emotioms, deja vu, strage experiences such as depersonalization or psychotic symptoms
ablation of amygdala results in
agression is harder to provoke, its suggested one has more control of emotions and increased ability to concentrate
structures of the limbic system
Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, fornix
limbic system
primitive brain, inhibited by cortex but over rides primitive impulses from the brain stem, ability to hold images of reward/punishment, significant conections to frontal cortex
septum pellucidum
runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum to the fornix, seperates the anterior horns of the left and right ventricals
fornix
bundle of fibers, mostly outgoing fibers from the hippocampus
what are the three kinds of hydrocephalus
communicating, noncommunicating, normal preassure
communicating hydrocephalus
the flow of CSF is blocked after it exits the ventricles, that it can exit the ventricles is what makes it communicating
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus
bmost common, blockage between the ventricles or in one of the aquaducts
Normal preassure hydrocephalus
build up of CSF causes enlargment of the ventricles resulting in preassure on the structures of the brain. no headache, urinary incontenance, gait abnormalities
lateral ventricles
comprised of; anterior horn, body, atrium, posterior horn, and inferior horn. drains into the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen
3rd ventricle
midline in diencephalon, drains into the cerebal aqueduct
4th ventricle
in between cerebellum, pons and medulla, narrows into the central canal
4th ventricle apertures
median aperture (aka foramen of magendia), two lateral apertures (AKA foramina of luschka)drains CSF from the 4th ventricle into the cisterna magna and pontine cistern
arachnoid villi
arachnoid matter protrusions into the dural venous sinuses that allow CSF to flow into the blood
arachnoid granulations
larger villi
epidural space
pathological condition wherein dura becomes detached from the skill and blood seeps into the space epidural hematoma
Subdural space
pathological condition wherein arachnoid layer becomes detached from dura resulting in a subdural hematoma
space occupying lesions
physical leasion that puts pressure on brain: hematoma, tumor, meningioma
