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Neuropsychology > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Hindbrain structures

A

Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Reticular formation, cranial nerves, cerebellum

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2
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Respiration, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing

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3
Q

Reticular formation

A

Levels of arousal participate in sleep, suppression of this results in anesthetic effect

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4
Q

Metencephalon

A

Ascending descending tracks from the periphery contains pons and cerebellum

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5
Q

Midbrain structures

A

AKA, Mesencephalon; contains Tectum (colliculi), Tegmentum, cerebral pundicles

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6
Q

Tectum

A

Superior colliculi, sight. inferior colliculi, sound .

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7
Q

Tegmentum

A

Periaqueductal gray (produces endogenous opiates), Substania nigra (produces dopamine), Red nucleus (responsible for motor behavior)

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8
Q

Forebrain

A

Diencephalon, Thalamus, hypothalamus, telencephalon

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

all sensory info except smell, refines sensory info before sending it to the cortexl. thalamus is an essential component of attention. Damage at thalamic level = difficulty maintaining arousal, damage at cortex = twilight state (eyes open) cannot track objects.

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10
Q

Functional pluripotentiality

A

brain regions can perform novel functions, think of the ferets with a visual temporal lobe or the sensation of an amputy feeling their hand on their face

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11
Q

Single dissociation

A

damage in brain structure A produces disfunction in ability X, and not Y

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12
Q

Double dissociation

A

damage in brain structure A produces disfunction in ability X, and not Y. Damage in brain structure B produces disfunction in ability Y but not X

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13
Q

Disconnection syndrome

A

Disfunction associated with an inability of one part of the brain to communicate with another, likely due to lesions of connecting fibers. Think frontal lobe related deficits in a patient with a perfectly intact frontal lobe

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14
Q

Primary sensory area

A

recieves processes and stores sensory/basic psychophysical information. most specified in construction (less complex)

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15
Q

Secondary area (association cortex)

A

recieves info from primary area, organizes and interprets information. Visual, somatosensory, auditory

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16
Q

Tertiary area

A

recieves info from secondary area. Integrates different sensory information, supramodel areas, frontal lobes (maybe the angular gyrus)

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17
Q

Progressive lateralization

A

the higher order the function the more lateralized it is: language

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18
Q

Sensory higherarchial sequence

A

primary-secondary-tertiary (challenge to model, parrallel processing at all points)

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19
Q

Motor higherarchial sequence

A

tertiary-secondary-primary (challenge to model, parrallel processing at all points)

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

scaffolding, blood brain barrier, guide neural migration

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates basic functions like thirst, hungry, sex. comprised of: , lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus. connected to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum

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22
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

reward center, reacts to eating novel food

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23
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

stops us from eatig food, antagonal relationship with LH

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24
Q

telencephalon

A

composed of; limbic system, cerebal cortex, basal ganglia, olfactory buld

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25
Q

lateral sulcus

A

AKA sylvian fissure, seperates the frontal and part of the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

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26
Q

central sulcus

A

ALA sulcus of Rolando, seperates the pre&post central gyri or motor and somatosensory cortex respectively

27
Q

Basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus, Substania nigra, subthalamic nucleus, internal capsule, corona radiata

28
Q

caudate nucleas

A

C-shaped structure with a wide head attached to the putamen, tapering bpody, somtimes called the genu and a tail that terminates in a connection with the amygdala

29
Q

Lenticular nucleus

A

putamen, globus pallidus

30
Q

internal capsule

A

V-shaped when brain is cut horizontally, seperate thalamus from globus palidus and those stuctures from the head of the cudate nucleaus. A whit matter fiber bundle.

31
Q

Corona radiate

A

the fanning white matter projections from the internal capsule to the cortex

32
Q

Corpus striatum

A

(striped body)basal ganglia = internal capsul, subthalamic nuclei-treatment for parkinson’s or motor abnormalities involve electrode stimulation of this area.

33
Q

Association fiber

A

U shaped fibers connecting on area of cortex to another

34
Q

Projectiong fiber

A

connections running from subcortical to cortical structures

35
Q

amterior commisure

A

white matter track that connects the temporal lobes

36
Q

association fibers

A

white matter fibers within one hemisphere (ipsilateral fibers) ie; short (ushaped fibers) long association fibers such as the; arcuate fasciculus and longitudinal fasciculus

37
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

long association fiber connecting broca’s area to wernikie’s area

38
Q

when is the hippocampus formed

A

during the second trimester of pregnancy

39
Q

Hippocampus is comprised of

A

four layers; CA1-CA4, sibiculum, dentate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, two C-shaped structures that interlock with each other: ammons horn and CA1-CA4

40
Q

when the brain is deprive of oxygen, such as when a babies head is compressed this area is likely damaged

A

CA1 of the hippocampus

41
Q

Sibiculum

A

filters out irrelavent information, functions differently in people with schizophrenia

42
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

filters infor before it enters hippocampus, damage results in memory problems

43
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is associated with lesions of

A

both amygdalie

44
Q

Kulver bucy symptoms

A

losses sense of social higherarchy, pica, no fear response

45
Q

Amygdala functions

A

paints memory, rapid face recognition, hedonic impulses: eating, social behaviors, sex agression

46
Q

amygdala stimulation results in

A

Hallucinations, vague sensory sensations, emotioms, deja vu, strage experiences such as depersonalization or psychotic symptoms

47
Q

ablation of amygdala results in

A

agression is harder to provoke, its suggested one has more control of emotions and increased ability to concentrate

48
Q

structures of the limbic system

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, fornix

49
Q

limbic system

A

primitive brain, inhibited by cortex but over rides primitive impulses from the brain stem, ability to hold images of reward/punishment, significant conections to frontal cortex

50
Q

septum pellucidum

A

runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum to the fornix, seperates the anterior horns of the left and right ventricals

51
Q

fornix

A

bundle of fibers, mostly outgoing fibers from the hippocampus

52
Q

what are the three kinds of hydrocephalus

A

communicating, noncommunicating, normal preassure

53
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

the flow of CSF is blocked after it exits the ventricles, that it can exit the ventricles is what makes it communicating

54
Q

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus

A

bmost common, blockage between the ventricles or in one of the aquaducts

55
Q

Normal preassure hydrocephalus

A

build up of CSF causes enlargment of the ventricles resulting in preassure on the structures of the brain. no headache, urinary incontenance, gait abnormalities

56
Q

lateral ventricles

A

comprised of; anterior horn, body, atrium, posterior horn, and inferior horn. drains into the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen

57
Q

3rd ventricle

A

midline in diencephalon, drains into the cerebal aqueduct

58
Q

4th ventricle

A

in between cerebellum, pons and medulla, narrows into the central canal

59
Q

4th ventricle apertures

A

median aperture (aka foramen of magendia), two lateral apertures (AKA foramina of luschka)drains CSF from the 4th ventricle into the cisterna magna and pontine cistern

60
Q

arachnoid villi

A

arachnoid matter protrusions into the dural venous sinuses that allow CSF to flow into the blood

61
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

larger villi

62
Q

epidural space

A

pathological condition wherein dura becomes detached from the skill and blood seeps into the space epidural hematoma

63
Q

Subdural space

A

pathological condition wherein arachnoid layer becomes detached from dura resulting in a subdural hematoma

64
Q

space occupying lesions

A

physical leasion that puts pressure on brain: hematoma, tumor, meningioma

Neuropsychology (2 decks)

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