exam 2 Flashcards
Neural structure associated with Executive function
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Neural structure associated with personality
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Executive cognitive functions
Planning, Monitoring, Switching, inhibiting
Tests of executive functioning
Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Trail making test,
Tests of problem solving
Verbal fluency test, DKEFS: tower test, figural fluency (free, fixed), Continous performance test, mazes, stroop, tower of hanoi, clock drawing
Verbal Fluency test
“fuck ass shit” test, name all words that start with F, those with frontal lobe damage will perseverate on one word, like fuck, or names (not allowed in test) when switch to A they will go back to F.
Figural fluency (fixed)
connect dots in novel ways,
Figural Fluency test (free)
tests divergent thinking, cognitive set switching, planning strategy, and executive functions. Draw as many unigue designs as possible in 60s intervals
Continuous performance test
Measure of attention and inhibition: press button for every design but X, originally designed to test schizofrenia
Mazes
inhibit responses, plan ahead, a test of frontal lobe function
abulia (amotivational syndrome)
lack of will or initiation, damage to anterior cingulate ( medial frontal), distinguish from depression by asking if they are happy
Metacognitive processess (location, features)
Frontal pole, right. integrates aspects of personality, social cogntition, appreciation of humor
Witzelsucht
condition in which one makes puns, inappropriate social comment, losses appreciation of sarcasm, right frontal damage
Processes if life associated with frontal cortex
Volition, Plan/recal, program, implement, monitor, adjust
Disinhibition syndrome
inferior frontal, orbitomedial cortex, irritability, paranoia, witzelsucht, hyperreactivity, impulsivity, disinhibited insticntual behavior
Executive dysfunction
Dorsolateral pfc, cognitive deficits (planning etc)
anosognosia
lacking insight into one’s condition
Attentional system
Reticular activating system(coma), thalamic projections(Obtuned, losing conciousness if not shaken), frontal thalamic gating system (distractibility, severe+Akinetic mustims (inert, speechless)
causes of frontal lobe dysfunction
TBI, Demnetia (Pick’s), Tumors, Strokes, Infections, Schizophrenia, OCD, Lobotomie
Egas Moniz
First lobotomist
Dyslexia
inability to distinguish phonemes when close together in sequence
Visuoperception in temporal lobes
Visual closure, tracking anomolies, facial recognition, subtle visual cues
Aphasia
language disfunction, usually result of strokes
dysarthria
difficulties in articulation
central v peripheal dysarthria
central = cordical (damage to motor strip), peripheal = something like a broken jaw
Fluent v nonfluent
Fluent = 100, 200 words per minute, parsody, Nonfluent = 50 words per minute, difficulty with enunciation, substitutes words
Dysnomia
difficulty finding the right words, present in dementia
arcuate fasciculus
connect comprehension area (Broca’s) with speech production area (wernicke’s). Damage = understands but cannot repeat back sentences
Palilalic/ Lalic speech
repeating what a person has said or what others has said. implies frontal lobe lesions
paraphasias
unintended word
Literal (phonemic) paraphasias
sounds like word but not right word
verbal paraphasias
semantic(related but not right), random (completely unrelated), perseverative (same word over and over in different contexts), neologistic (making up words)
Agraphia
inability to write the word you want to wright
Dysphasia
reduction or impairment of a function
Broca’s aphasia
fluency = poor, Comp = good(not 100%) rep, poor, nameing, poor
Wernicke’s aphasia
Fluency = good, comp=poor, rep=poor, naming=poor
Global aphasia
fluency, comprehension, rep, naming all poor
Anomic aphasia
Fluency, comp, rep = good, Naming=poor
William James
Short term memory, 7(+/-2)
William scoville
operated on HM
anterograde amnesia
inability to make memories
Retrograde amnesia
inability to recall old memories
Stages of memory
Processing, endcoding, consolidation, retrieval
Declaritive v implicit memory
Declaritive = facts and knowledge Implicit=motor memory, not articulable
Pseudobulbar affect
disinhibited crying system, person will spontaniously cry
Semantic v episodic
apsects of declaritive memory, smantic = words and language, episodic=personal, narative, memories of where you were when X event happened
Patient NA
damage left dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus, deense anterograde amnesia for verbal information
Acetylcholine
primary to memory, “lube of brain” preventing break down of this only treatment for alzhiemers
Nucleus basalis of meynert
main producer of acetylcholine
NMDA antagonists
block LTP, PCP, Ketamine, ETOH, &ect will also do this
Transient global amnesia
rapid onset of global amnesia, no memories of recent past, less than 24 hours (ave 5.5) unable to update information, identity not lost
Anoxia
loss of oxygen to brain, CA1 dies off, lose the ability to make new memoryes
Herpes encephalitis
virus that affects temporal lobes
Wernicke’s korsakoff’s syndrome
alchohalism leads to b1 vitamin deficiency resulting in damage results in dense anterograde amnesia, confabulation, some retrograde amnesia, apathy
True amnestic disorders
Anoxia, Herpes encephalitis, CVA, TBI, Wernicke’s Korsakoff’s syndrome
Conditions to rule out with memory problems
Depression, ADHD, PTSD, Malingering
