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My Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most numerous cell in the CNS?

A

glial cells

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2
Q

What are the four types of glial cell?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal
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3
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A
  • role in support as there is no connective tissue in the CNS
  • maintain BBB
  • environmental homeostasis
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4
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

produce myelin in the CNS (not in the PNS) by wrapping themselves around the axons

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5
Q

What do microglia do?

A

similar to macrophages so are part of immune system in brain

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6
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

coat the ventricles of the brain and are ciliated

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7
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A 
valleys = sulcus (deep one is a fissure)
projections = gyrus
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8
Q

What is the arrangement of matter in the brain?

A

grey matter surrounds white matter

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9
Q

What is in the grey and white matter in the brain?

A 
grey = neurons and synapses 
white = axons and connections
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10
Q

What is the gross structure of the spinal cord?

A
  • grey matter on inside with H shape

- white matter around this

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11
Q

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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12
Q

What separates the temporal and parietal lobes?

A

the lateral fissure

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13
Q

What connects the right and left brain?

A

corpus callosum

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14
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

What is the fifth lobe of the brain?

A

the insular lobe is deep within and is important for pain perception

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16
Q

What are the layers of mater in the CNS from superficial to deep?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
    …subarachnoid space with CSF…
  • pia mater
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17
Q

What connects the lateral and 3rd ventricles?

A
  • interventricular foramen connects each lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle
  • septum pellucida isolates the two lateral ventricles from each other
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18
Q

What is the venous drainage of the brain?

A

dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular

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19
Q

What marks the beginning of the midbrain?

A

the two black stripes of the substantia nigra

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20
Q

What are the internal capsules?

A

the two white matter tracts moving down towards the brainstem

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21
Q

What is included in the arterial supply to the brain?

A
  • internal carotid: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
  • vertebro-basilar: posterior cerebral, basilar and vertebral
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22
Q

Where are the two enlargements in the spinal cord?

A

cervical region

lumbar region

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23
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A
  • L2 at the conus medullaris
  • filum terminale then out of the dura
  • attaches to coccyx
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24
Q

How is the spinal cord attached along its length?

A

by denticulate ligaments to the spine

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25
Q

How can you tell the difference between the posterior and anterior horns in the spinal cord?

A

posterior extend all the way to the surface of the spinal cord but anterior doesn’t

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26
Q

What is the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2 and contains the sympathetic neurons

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27
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord?

A
  • one anterior and two posterior arteries go down length

- segmental and radicular arteries too

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28
Q

What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?

A

plexus in the epidural space (not present in the brain) can be used to insert drugs into

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29
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

the postcentral gyrus

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30
Q

What does the dorsal/medial lemniscus system do?

A

SENSORY

fine touch and conscious proprioception especially from the upper limb and fibres cross in the medulla

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31
Q

What is the pathway for sensory part of the spinal cord?

A
  • impulses move upon with lower limb impulses more lateral than upper limb
  • synapse at medulla and cross sides here
  • ascend to lemniscus at thalamus and synapse
  • third neuron goes to primary somatosensory cortex
32
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract do?

A

SENSORY

pain, temperature and deep pressure impulses

33
Q

What is the pathway for the spinothalamic tract?

A
  • firstly fibres cross after synapsing in posterior horn

- goes to the sensory cortex

34
Q

Where is the primary motor complex in the brain?

A

precentral gyrus

35
Q

What does the corticospinal tract do?

A

MOTOR

motor impulses including fine, precise movement of distal limb muscles

36
Q

What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract?

A
  • most of the fibres cross to form the lateral CST
  • the rest don’t and form the ventral CST
  • ridges are formed so it is aka the pyramidal tract
37
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

MOTOR

mediates reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli

38
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

MOTOR

many functions including influencing voluntary movement

39
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

MOTOR

helps with ‘antigravity’ extensor muscles

40
Q

What is the cerebellum’s main role?

A

movement

41
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
flocculonodular

42
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

primary fissure

43
Q

How does the cerebellum attach to the brain?

A

by three peduncles below the tentorium cerebelli

44
Q

What is the inside structure of the cerebellum?

A
  • deep grey matter inside the white matter

- three layers of the cortex are molecular, purkinje cells and the granular inner layer

45
Q

What are the inputs of information to the cerebellum?

A
  • spinal cord
  • cerebral cortex
  • vestibular apparatus
46
Q

Where does the information go from the cerebellum to?

A

out from the purkinje fibres to the thalamus

47
Q

What is the flocculonodular node of the cerebellum for?

A

coordinating information from the vestibular cells (aka vestibulocerebellum)

48
Q

What is the vermis of the cerebellum for?

A

(central stripe) is for coordinating posture (spinocerebellum)

49
Q

What is the rest of the cerebellum for?

A

(not vermis or flocculonodular lobe)

coordinating conscious movement (pontocerebellum)

50
Q

What are the basal ganglia for?

A
  • purposeful movement
  • stop unwanted movement
  • posture
51
Q

What are the deep grey matter structures (basal ganglia) of the cerebrum?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • sub thalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
52
Q

What are the basal ganglia equations?

A
  • all = ganglia
  • putamen + globus pallidus = lenticular nucleus
  • caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum
  • caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus = corpus striatum
53
Q

What does the direct path in the cerebellum do?

A

enhances outflow of the thalamus so encourages desired movement

54
Q

What does the indirect path in the cerebellum do?

A

inhibits outflow of the thalamus so suppresses unwanted movement

55
Q

What is the difference between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?

A

cerebellum = ipsilateral brain

basal ganglia = contralateral effect because they are part of the cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

What do lesions of the basal ganglia cause?

A

changes in muscle tone and dyskinesias eg parkinson’s and huntington’s disease

57
Q

In what direction do the cranial nerves exit?

A
  • trochlear exits posteriorly
  • vestibulocochlear exits laterally
  • all others exit anteriorly
58
Q

What cranial nerves use the solitary nucleus?

A

CN VII, IX, X

59
Q

What cranial nerves use the superior and inferior salivary nuclei?

A

CN VII and IX

60
Q

What cranial nerves use the nucleus ambiguus?

A

CN IX, X and cranial part of XI

61
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

part of the corticospinal tract which is motor to cranial nerves (CN V, VII, X and XII) which does voluntary movement

62
Q

What is the reticular formation important for?

A

ARAS which wakes up the cortex

63
Q

What and where are the colliculi?

A
  • midbrain

- two inferior and two superior

64
Q

What are the colliculi for?

A

used in hearing impulses

65
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

superior temporal lobe

66
Q

What is Broca’s area for and what would a lesion here cause?

A

production of speech (not understanding) so lesion would cause expressive aphasia

67
Q

What is Wernicke’s area for and what would a lesion here cause?

A

understanding language so a lesion would cause receptive aphasia

68
Q

Where is the primary vestibular cortex?

A

lower postcentral gyrus

69
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus for?

A

visual information

70
Q

What is the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus for?

A

main auditory nucleus

71
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

posterior near the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe

72
Q

How are the lower and upper visual fields projected to the visual centre?

A

lower visual field goes to the superior gyrus so above the calcirine sulcus and vice versa

73
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex?

A

bottom of the postcentral gyrus

74
Q

What is Meyer’s loop?

A

the inferior optic reductions have to loop around the lateral ventricle

75
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction within the pneumonic DANISH?

A
  • Dysdiadochokinesia
  • Ataxia
  • Nystagmus
  • Intention tremor
  • Scanning dysarthria
  • Hypotonia

My Neurology (6 decks)

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