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Brain and Behaviour > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Neuraxis

A

Imaginary line drawn throught the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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2
Q

Rostral - Caudal

Anterior - Posterior

A

Rostral: toward the nose

Anterior: toward the front

Caudal: toward the tail

Posterior: toward the rear

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3
Q

Ventral - dorsal

Inferior - superior

A

Ventral: toward the front

Inferior: below

Dorsal: toward the back

Superior: above

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4
Q

Medial - Lateral

A

Medial: toward the midline

Lateral: away from the midline

NB: midline is the medial line of the body which divides the body into halves that are mirrror images of each other

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5
Q

Nervous system

A
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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Voluntary control/senses

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Subsconscious body control: visceral function, heart rate, respiration rate, digestion, salivation, pupil dilation, sexual arousal

  • Efferent nerves
    • Parasympathetic nervous system
    • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Afferent nerves
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10
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A

Rest and digest

  • Eyes: accommodation for near vision (miosis)
  • Saliva: copious liquid
  • Heart: rate and blood pressure down
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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

4 Fs:

  • Fight
  • Flight
  • Fright
  • Fuck
    • Eyes: pupillary dilation
    • Saliva: little, viscous
    • Heart: rate, force and blood pressure up
    • CNS: drive and alertness up
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12
Q

Hindbrain (metencephalon and myelencephalon)

A

Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata) and cerebellum

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Involved in motor control especially voluntary movement, body position and motor learning.

Contains 50% of total neurons in brain

Grey and white matter

Known as ‘little brain’

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14
Q

Pons

A

Bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum + medulla oblongata

Siutated on top of the brainstem

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15
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata

Connects spinal cord with forebrain and cerebellum

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16
Q

Formatio reticularis (reticular formation)

A

Regulates activity/sleep

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17
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Relays motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and higher brain regions.

Reflex control centre (ANS) e.g. heart rate

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18
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum (dorsal) + tegmentum (ventral) + periaqueductal gray (PAG)

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19
Q

Tectum

A
  • Inferior colliculi
    • Auditory function
  • Superior colliculi
    • Visual function
20
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Auditory functino

21
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Visual functio

22
Q

Tegmentum

A

Substantia nigra + red nucleus

–> Voluntary movement control

23
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

Tissue around the cerebral aqueduct that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

24
Q

Forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)

A
  • Diencephalon
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
  • Telecephalon
    • Cortex
    • Basal ganglia
    • Limbic system
25
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

26
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cortex + basal ganglia + limbic system

27
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway of the cortex: all sensory pathways (except olfaction) relay in the thalamus before terminating in the cerrebral cortex

28
Q

Gyrus (pl: gyri)

A

Convolution or bump protruding rounded surfaces

29
Q

Sulcus (pl: sulci)

A

Valley between gyri and enfolded regions that appears as surface lines (gaps between gyri)

30
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Divides the two hemispheres (also known as interhimispheric fissures)

31
Q

Lobes and sulci

32
Q

Frontal lobes

A

The ‘executive’ brain: planning and guiding behaviour, (moral) judgement

Broca’s speach area

Primary motor cortex

33
Q

Temporal lobes

A
  • Language processing –> Wernicke’s area
  • Longterm memory/knowledge –> Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Primary auditory cortex
34
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Association cortex: integrates sensory information from multiple modalities

  • Spatial processing –> superior parietal gyrus
  • Primary somatosensory cortex –> postcentral gyrys
  • Cortical association area (visual+auditory) –> inferior parietal gyrus
35
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Vision

Primary visual cortex –> located in and around the calcarine fissure

36
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Prepares starting and stopping of voluntary motions –> Parkinson’s

  • Direct pathway: starts movement
  • Indirect pathway: stops movement
37
Q

Limbic system

A

Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Cingulate cortex

Anterior thalamus

Mammilary bodies

–> emotional regulation, learning and memory, emotional memories, recognition of emotions in other people

38
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates hormones (sexual behaviour, diurnal rhythms, fight or flight etc)
  • Controls food and fluid intake
39
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Establishing memories
  • New contextual learning
  • Memory retrieval
  • Understanding spatial relations
40
Q

Amygdala

A

Coordinates behavioural, autonomic and endocrine responses to environment stimuli, especially those with emotional content

No amygdala, no fear!

41
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • Major fibre connection between the hemispheres (from lating, literally meaning tough body)
  • Allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
42
Q

Brain barrier systems

A
  1. Skull
  2. Meninges
    1. Dura mater
    2. Arachnoid mater
    3. Pia mater
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  4. Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
43
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Function:

  • Buoyancy: allows the brian to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight
  • Protection: protects the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit
  • Chemical stability: allows for homeostatic regulation
44
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • From latin: water (hydro) in the head (cephalus)
  • CSF build-up puts pressure on the brain
  • Usually in infancy (congenital hydrocephalus) –> delayed cognitive development
  • Maybe acquired after head injury or brain cancer
45
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Tightly packed blood vessels creating a berrier that only allows certain molecules to pass through

Brain and Behaviour (17 decks)

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