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BRS - Bioregulatory Systems Week 1 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the terms: superior, inferior, posterior, anterior, dorsal, ventral, rostral and caudal? Can you label them on this diagram?

A

Superior - above

Inferior - below

Posterior - back / behind

Anterior - in front / ahead

Dorsal - relating to the back of a structure

Ventral - relating to the front of a structure

Rostral - situated towards the oral / nasal region

Caudal - situated towards the hind region

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2
Q

What are the 3 different planes used in medicine?

A
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3
Q

hypothalamus, cerebellum, frontal and temporal lobes, medulla

Fill in the table about the cranial fossae:

A
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4
Q

lateral, third and fourth ventricles, central canal, interventricular foramen, aqueduct

Fill in the labels about the ventricular system:

A
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5
Q

lateral, third, fourth, aqueduct

Fill in the table about which ventricles supply which parts of the brain:

A
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6
Q

Label this diagram of the brain:

A
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7
Q

Gyrus, sulcus, fissure

Name and define the 3 main surface features of the brain:

A

Gyri - ridges on the cerebral cortex

Sulci - groove in the cortex, shallow grooves between the gyri

Fissures - larger grooves that divide the brain into lobes

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8
Q

Name and label the 4 lobes on this diagram (of the cerebrum):

A
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9
Q

olfactory (CN I), optic (CN II), oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), trigeminal (CN V), abducent (or abducens; CN VI), facial (CN VII), vestibulocochlear (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI), and hypoglossal (CN XII)

Label the CNs onto this diagram:

A

CN 1 - Olfactory, CN II - Optic, CN III - Oculomotor, CN IV - Trochlear, CN V - Trigeminal (3 branches), CN VI - Abducens, CN VII - facial, CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear, CN IX - Glossopharyngeal, CN X - Vagus, CN XI - Accessory, CN XII - Hypoglossal

CN I, II - cerebrum | CN III, IV - midbrain | CN V, VI, VII, VIII - pons | CN IX, X, XI, XII - brainstem

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10
Q

Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Primary Motor, Primary auditory, Primary somatosensory, visual

Fill in the labels on this diagram:

A
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11
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

Which 5 arteries come together at the Circle of Willis?

A

Arterial blood supply to the brain - located at the base of the brain, encircling the stalk of the pituitary gland

It is circulatory anastomosis (i.e., a connection between two blood vessels

  1. Internal carotid artery (left and right)
  2. Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
  3. Anterior communicating artery
  4. Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
  5. Posterior communicating artery (left and right)
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12
Q

Fill in the labels on this diagram of the Circle of Willis:

A
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13
Q

choose between: middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries

Fill in this table about the cortical (outer layer of the cerebrum) arterial blood supply:

A
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14
Q

What is somatotopy?

What is the somatotopy of the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex strips?

A

The point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the CNS

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15
Q

Define the structures of the CNS:

Nucleus

Lamina

White matter tract

A

Nucleus - a collection of neuronal cell bodies

Lamina - a layer of neurons

White matter tract - collection of axons

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16
Q

Define the sturctures of the PNS:

Ganglion

Nerve

A

Ganglion - collection of neuronal cell bodies

Nerve - a collection of a axons

17
Q

Using the terms nucleus, lamina, white matter tract, ganglion or nerve, label these images:

A

Image on the left - nucleus

Imagine on the right (purple) - nerve

18
Q

Using the terms nucleus, lamina, white matter tract, ganglion or nerve, label these images:

A

Image on the left (pink) - lamina

Image on the right -

19
Q

Using the terms nucleus, lamina, white matter tract, ganglion or nerve, label these images:

A

Image on the left - ganglion

Image on the right - 1. white matter tract, 2. nucleus

20
Q

Using the terms nucleus, lamina, white matter tract, ganglion or nerve, label these images:

A

Nerve

21
Q

Using the following diagrams, label the structures from 1 to 17:

A
22
Q

CN I - Olfactory Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - Afferent (A) or Efferent (E)
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. Special Afferent - SA
  2. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  3. Smell - receptors located in the roof and upper parts of the nasal cavity
23
Q

CN II - Optic Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. Special Afferent - SA
  2. Optic Canal
  3. Vision - receptors are photoreceptors in the retina
24
Q

CN III - Occulomotor nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General somatic and general visceral efferent - GSE + GVE
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Eye movements - GSE innervates the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique muscles (most of the extraocular muscles); GVE innervates the sphincter pupillae for pupillary constriction, ciliary muscles for accommodation of the lens for near vision (parasympathetic innervation)
25
Q

CN IV - Trochlear Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General Somatic Efferent - GSE
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Innervates the superior oblique muscle (one of the extraocular muscles) - controls the downward movement of the eyeball
26
Q

CN V - Trigeminal Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General somatic branch and branchial efferent - GSA and BE
  2. Three divisions of CN V: V1 (ophthalmic branch) - superior orbital fissure, V2 (maxillary branch) - foramen rotundum, V3 (mandibular branch) - foramen ovale
  3. GSA carries most of the sensory input from the head, BE innervates most of the muscles for movement of the lower jaw

V1 - GSA sensory branch: eyes, conjuctiva, orbital contents, nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoidal cells, upper eyelid, dorsum of nose, anterior part of the scalp, dura in anterior cranial fossa, superior part of the tentorium cerebelli; V2 - GSA sensory branch: dura in the middle cranial fossa, nasopharynx, palate, nasal cavity, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, skin cover the side of th enose, lower eyelid, cheek, upper lip; V3 - GSA sensory branch: skin of lower face, cheek, lower lip, anterior part of external ear, part of external acoustic meatus, temporal fossa, anterior two thirds of tongue, lower teeth, mastoid air cells, mucous membranes of the cheek, mandible, dura in middle cranial fossa; V3 - BE motor branch: innervates the temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of digastric, and mylohyoid muscles

27
Q

CN VI - Abducens Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General somatic efferent - GSE
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Innervates the lateral rectus muscle (one extraocular muscle) - responsible for outwards gaze
28
Q

CN VII - Facial Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General somatic afferent, special afferent, general visceral efferent, and branchial efferent - GSA, SA, GVE and BE
  2. Internal acoustic meatus
  3. Sensory input form around the ear (GSA) and taste from 2/3 of the tongue (SA), motor output to numeroud muscles of the head (BE), including paraysmpathetic innervation of structures in the head (GVE)

GSA - sensory branch from part of the external acoustic meatus, and deeper parts of the auricle; SA - taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue; GVE - innervates the lacrimal gland, mandibular and sublingual glands, and mucous membranes of nasal cavity, hard and soft palates; and BE - innervates muscles of face (facial expression) and scalp derived from the pharyngeal arch, and stapedius, posterior belly of digastric, and stylohyoid muscles

29
Q

CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. Special afferent - SA
  2. Exits through the internal acoustic meatus and enters the inner ear
  3. Vestibular divison - balance, cochlear division - hearing
30
Q

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General visceral afferent, general somatic afferent, special afferent, general visceral efferent, branchial efferent - GVA, GSA, SA, GVE and BE
  2. jugular foramen
  3. Sensory input from areas of the head and neck (GVE), 1/3 of the tongue fro taste (SA), innervates one pharyngeal muscle (BE) and more parasympathetic innervation to structures of the head (GVE)

GVA - sensory from carotid body and sinus; GSA - posterior 1/3 of the tongue, palatine tonsils, oropharynx, and mucosa of middle ear and pharyngotympanic tube; SA - taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, GVE innervates the parotid salivary gland; and BE innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle

31
Q

CN X - Vagus Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General somatic afferent, general visceral afferent, special afferent, general visceral efferent and branchial efferent - GSA, GVA, SA, GVE, and BE
  2. Jugular foramen
  3. Sensory input from some of the ear and surround area, and dura in the posterior cranial fossa (GSA), sensory input from and parasympathetic innervation to the pharynx, larynx, neck and organs from the thorax, fore- and mid- gut (GVA and GVE), taste from the epiglottis (SA), innervation of the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx and larynx (BE)

GSA - sensory from larynx, laryngopharynx, deeper parts of the auricle, part of the external acoustic meatus, and dura in the posterior cranial fossa; GVA - sensory from aortic body chemoreceptors and aortic arch baroreceptors, esophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart and abdominal viscera of the foregut and midgut; SA - taste from apiglottic and pharynx; GVE - innervates smooth muscle and glands in the pharynx, larynx, thoracic viscera, and abdominal viscera of the foregut and midgut; BE - innervates one tongue muscle (palatoglossus), muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini), pahrynx (except stylopharyngeus), and larynx

32
Q

CN XI - Accessory Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. Branchial efferent - BE
  2. Jugular foramen
  3. Innervates a muscle of the neck and a muscle of the back - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (allows for the movement of the shoulders)
33
Q

CN XII - Hypoglossal Nerve:

  1. Component(s) - A or E
  2. Exit from skull
  3. Function
A
  1. General somatic efferent - GSE
  2. Hypoglossal canal
  3. Innervates all intrinsic muscles of the tongue, and all but one extrinsic muscle of the tongue - innervates the hypoglossus genioglossus, and styloglossus muscles, and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue
34
Q

Fill in this table with the functions of these branches, and which CNs have them:

A

BRS - Bioregulatory Systems Week 1 (13 decks)

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