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Y2 - my own > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What would cause uncontrollable jerking movements post-stroke?

A

Glutamate excitability.

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2
Q

Why could horizontal but not vertical eye movement be maintained in an individual?

A

They derive from different nerves with different blood supples:
Horizontal = Abducens nerve
Vertical = Oculomotor nerve

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3
Q

Which is the largest bone in the skull?

A

The mandible.

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4
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones

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5
Q

Name the cranial bones

A

Frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid.

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6
Q

Name x3 of the facial bones

A

Maxilla (2), nasal (2), lacrima (2), mandible.

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7
Q

Which facial bones are the cheekbones?

A

Zygoma

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8
Q

What is the function of the conchae bones in the nose?

A

Increase surface area as air is breathed in and humidified.

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9
Q

What is the name for the ‘soft spot’ on the top of a baby’s head?

A

Fontanelle (close up between 18-24 months of age).

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10
Q

What sits inside the posterior cranial fossae?

A

The cerebellum.

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11
Q

Through which structure does the Olfactory nerve pass?

A

The foramina of the cribriform plate.

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12
Q

Which two arteries supply the brain?

A

The carotid and vertebral arteries.

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13
Q

Name the largest foramen in the skull.

A

Foramen magnum

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14
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 PAIRS.

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15
Q

Which is the nerve related to balance and hearing?

A

Vestibulococchlear nerve.

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16
Q

Which is the thickest layer of the meninges?

A

The Dura Mater

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17
Q

What are fossae? What are the types?

A

Where parts of the brain sits.
Anterior cranial fossae
Middle cranial fossae
Posterior cranial fossae

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18
Q

What joint is responsible for someone’s jaw clicking?

A

The Temperomandibular joint

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19
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A joint

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the Dura Mater?

A

The meningeal layer (closest to the brain)

The Periosteal layer (closest to the skull)

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21
Q

Scalp lacerations pose a threat to which vein?

A

The emissary vein.

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22
Q

What type of intracranial haemorrhage is associated with damage to the Middle meningeal artery?

A

Epidural haemorrahge/ haematoma. Epidural commonly occurs with BLUNT trauma.

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23
Q

What is the clinical significance of the tentorial notch?

A

Part of the temporal lobe can be pushed through this notch if there is raised intracranial pressure.

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24
Q

What is the alpha motor neurone?

A

A LMN which upon stimulation causes voluntary muscular contraction.

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25
Q

What are the three types of motor unit?

A

I, IIA and IIB. IIB is the fastest but fatiguable. IIA is fast but fatigue resistant.

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26
Q

Where are LMNs found?

A

In the ventral root of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

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27
Q

What are mEPPs?

A

Mini end plate potentials = single vesicles releasing ACh = slower release of ACh at rest.

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28
Q

What is BPPV?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo - commonest cause of vertigo.

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29
Q

What is the tone for slurred speech?

A

Dysarthria

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30
Q

‘Function of sphincters are normal’ relates to what?

A

A person’s gastrointestinal sphincters i.e. urination.

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31
Q

Tongue bilaterally wasting. UMN or LMN?

A

LMN; wasting.

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32
Q

Do fasciculations relate to UMN or LMN?

A

LMN lesion.

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33
Q

Extended plantar muscles. UMN or LMN?

A

UMN lesion.

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34
Q

Anything ‘brisk’ - UMN or LMN?

A

UMN.

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35
Q

Absent abdominal reflexes - UMN or LMN?

A

UMN.

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36
Q

What is characteristic of motor neuron disease?

A

A combination of UMN and LMN lesions.

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37
Q

What is the clinical term for ‘pins and needles?’

A

Paraesthesia.

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38
Q

Does stiffness relate to UMN or LMN?

A

UMN; hyperspasticity.

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39
Q

Is clonus indicative of UMN or LMN lesions?

A

UMN; involuntary contraction associated with spasticity.

40
Q

Which segment(s) supplies the biceps and supinator reflexes?

A

C5/C6.

41
Q

Which segment supplies the triceps reflex?

A

C7

42
Q

Which segment supplies the finger jerks?

A

C8/T1

43
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

An exaggerated extensor reflex - UMN lesion.

44
Q

What is the difference between spasticity and rigidity?

A 
Spasticity = more resistance than force. 
Rigidity = same amount of resistance as force.
45
Q

What are slow movements called?

A

Bradykinesia

46
Q

What are the triad of symptoms in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity. Expressionless face. Trait ignition failure = cannot get going. Want to move leg but cannot!

47
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Drooping of the eyelid

48
Q

What triad of symptoms would you see in Horner’s syndrome?

A

Drooping of eyelid
Pupil constriction
Lack of facial sweating

49
Q

Name 3 causes of ptosis

A

Horner’s syndrome
Oculomotor palsy
Myasthenia

50
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

1-4

51
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

A

5-8

52
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A

9-12

53
Q

Slurred speech could relate to damage in which of the cranial nerves?

A

Hypoglossal/Facial

54
Q

Which cranial nerve keeps the eyelid open?

A

The oculomotor nerve

55
Q

Nystagmus is characteristic of a problem in which part of the brain?

A

The cerebellum

56
Q

Which are the two sensory pathways?

A

The Dorsal Column pathway and the spinothalamic tract

57
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

5; 4 NREM, 5th = REM.

58
Q

How long is one sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

59
Q

Which part of the brain promotes wakefulness?

A

The lateral hypothalamus

60
Q

Which part of the brain promotes sleep?

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (anterior hypothalamus)

61
Q

Which part of the brain synchronises sleep?

A

The SCN - Suprachiasmatic nucleus

62
Q

Does melatonin induce sleep or wakefulness?

A

Sleep

63
Q

Do dreams occur in NREM or REM sleep?

A

Both but more in REM sleep.

64
Q

What is hypersomnia?

A

Excessive sleepiness

65
Q

Define narcolepsy

A

Falling asleep repeatedly and disruption of night sleep.

66
Q

Define cataplexy

A

Sudden brief loss of muscle tone - triggered by strong emotions e.g. laughter.

67
Q

Is sleep walking rem or nrem?

A

NREM.

68
Q

What is a vegetative state?

A

eyes open but no wakefulness.

69
Q

There is a single brain area for consciousness. T/F?

A

False

70
Q

What are wakefulness levels in locked in syndrome?

A

Normal.

71
Q

Which is the fastest rhythm on the EEG?

A

beta rhythm. slowest = delta. ‘droswy’ = alpha

72
Q

What are the three aspects of the glasgow coma scale?

A

eyes, verbal response, motor response (3-15)

73
Q

Is the corpus callosum a white or grey matter tract?

A

White matter tract

74
Q

‘Neglect’ is what and in which brain lobe could a lesion cause it?

A

Disrupted spatial recognition - i.e. only see half of a clock. Parietal lobe affected.

75
Q

In which lobe is the hippocampus?

A

The temporal lobe

76
Q

Opioids will increase dopamine release from which structure?

A

The nucleus accumbens

77
Q

Which is the joint in the vertebrae which allows rotation?

A

The atlanto-axial joint (between C1 and C2)

78
Q

Which joint in the vertebrae allows flexion/extension?

A

The atlanto-occipital joint

79
Q

Give x2 structural characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae.

A

Large kidney-shaped vertebral body and short spinous processes.

80
Q

Give x2 structural characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae.

A

Heart shaped vertebral body and long spinous processes.

81
Q

Give x2 characteristics of the structure of the cervical vertebrae.

A

Small rectangular vertebral body and small BIFID spinous proccesses

82
Q

Be able to label the atypical vertebrae. Which is the atypical vertebrae?

A

C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) and C7

83
Q

What is atypical about C1?

A

Lacks a vertebral body or spinous process

84
Q

What is atypical about C2?

A

Has an ‘odontoid process (peg)’.

85
Q

What is atypical about C7?

A

Does not have a bifid spinous process and has THE LONGEST spinous process.

86
Q

How many strap muscles are there and name them

A

4 PAIRS of muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid.

87
Q

At which vertebral level are the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

A

Thyroid cartilage = C4

Cricoid cartilage = C6

88
Q

At which vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid artery

A

C4

89
Q

What does ‘omo’ mean in latin?

A

Shoulder

90
Q

The brachial plexus is formed from which rami?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

91
Q

Define deglutition

A

Swallowing

92
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

The anterior 2/3 of the roof of the mouth.

93
Q

What does it mean to be a serous salivary gland? Which are the two serous salivary glands?

A

Secretes proteins and enzymes in saliva

Parotid and submandibular (which is also mucous).

94
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

Non-noxious stimulation inhibiting pain transmission from peripheries to the brain. Via spinal cord/ dorsal root ganglion (central inhibition pathway or peripheral inhibition) look at post notes if cannot remember.

95
Q

Which are the key somatosensory areas?

A

SI - Primary somatosensory cortex
SI - Secondary somatosensory cortex
Posterior parietal cortex
[All post central gyrus]

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