Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What would cause uncontrollable jerking movements post-stroke?

Answer 1

Glutamate excitability.

Question 2

Why could horizontal but not vertical eye movement be maintained in an individual?

Answer 2

They derive from different nerves with different blood supples:
Horizontal = Abducens nerve
Vertical = Oculomotor nerve

Question 3

Which is the largest bone in the skull?

Answer 3

The mandible.

Question 4

How many bones are in the skull?

Answer 4

22 bones

Question 5

Name the cranial bones

Answer 5

Frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid.

Question 6

Name x3 of the facial bones

Answer 6

Maxilla (2), nasal (2), lacrima (2), mandible.

Question 7

Which facial bones are the cheekbones?

Answer 7

Zygoma

Question 8

What is the function of the conchae bones in the nose?

Answer 8

Increase surface area as air is breathed in and humidified.

Question 9

What is the name for the ‘soft spot’ on the top of a baby’s head?

Answer 9

Fontanelle (close up between 18-24 months of age).

Question 10

What sits inside the posterior cranial fossae?

Answer 10

The cerebellum.

Question 11

Through which structure does the Olfactory nerve pass?

Answer 11

The foramina of the cribriform plate.

Question 12

Which two arteries supply the brain?

Answer 12

The carotid and vertebral arteries.

Question 13

Name the largest foramen in the skull.

Answer 13

Foramen magnum

Question 14

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 14

12 PAIRS.

Question 15

Which is the nerve related to balance and hearing?

Answer 15

Vestibulococchlear nerve.

Question 16

Which is the thickest layer of the meninges?

Answer 16

The Dura Mater

Question 17

What are fossae? What are the types?

Answer 17

Where parts of the brain sits.
Anterior cranial fossae
Middle cranial fossae
Posterior cranial fossae

Question 18

What joint is responsible for someone’s jaw clicking?

Answer 18

The Temperomandibular joint

Question 19

What is a condyle?

Answer 19

A joint

Question 20

What are the two layers of the Dura Mater?

Answer 20

The meningeal layer (closest to the brain)

The Periosteal layer (closest to the skull)

Question 21

Scalp lacerations pose a threat to which vein?

Answer 21

The emissary vein.

Question 22

What type of intracranial haemorrhage is associated with damage to the Middle meningeal artery?

Answer 22

Epidural haemorrahge/ haematoma. Epidural commonly occurs with BLUNT trauma.

Question 23

What is the clinical significance of the tentorial notch?

Answer 23

Part of the temporal lobe can be pushed through this notch if there is raised intracranial pressure.

Question 24

What is the alpha motor neurone?

Answer 24

A LMN which upon stimulation causes voluntary muscular contraction.

Question 25

What are the three types of motor unit?

Answer 25

I, IIA and IIB. IIB is the fastest but fatiguable. IIA is fast but fatigue resistant.

Question 26

Where are LMNs found?

Answer 26

In the ventral root of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Question 27

What are mEPPs?

Answer 27

Mini end plate potentials = single vesicles releasing ACh = slower release of ACh at rest.

Question 28

What is BPPV?

Answer 28

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo - commonest cause of vertigo.

Question 29

What is the tone for slurred speech?

Answer 29

Dysarthria

Question 30

'Function of sphincters are normal' relates to what?

Answer 30

A person's gastrointestinal sphincters i.e. urination.

Question 31

Tongue bilaterally wasting. UMN or LMN?

Answer 31

LMN; wasting.

Question 32

Do fasciculations relate to UMN or LMN?

Answer 32

LMN lesion.

Question 33

Extended plantar muscles. UMN or LMN?

Answer 33

UMN lesion.

Question 34

Anything 'brisk' - UMN or LMN?

Answer 34

UMN.

Question 35

Absent abdominal reflexes - UMN or LMN?

Answer 35

UMN.

Question 36

What is characteristic of motor neuron disease?

Answer 36

A combination of UMN and LMN lesions.

Question 37

What is the clinical term for 'pins and needles?'

Answer 37

Paraesthesia.

Question 38

Does stiffness relate to UMN or LMN?

Answer 38

UMN; hyperspasticity.

Question 39

Is clonus indicative of UMN or LMN lesions?

Answer 39

UMN; involuntary contraction associated with spasticity.

Question 40

Which segment(s) supplies the biceps and supinator reflexes?

Answer 40

C5/C6.

Question 41

Which segment supplies the triceps reflex?

Answer 41

C7

Question 42

Which segment supplies the finger jerks?

Answer 42

C8/T1

Question 43

What is the babinski reflex?

Answer 43

An exaggerated extensor reflex - UMN lesion.

Question 44

What is the difference between spasticity and rigidity?

Answer 44

``` Spasticity = more resistance than force. Rigidity = same amount of resistance as force. ```

Question 45

What are slow movements called?

Answer 45

Bradykinesia

Question 46

What are the triad of symptoms in Parkinson's disease?

Answer 46

Tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity. Expressionless face. Trait ignition failure = cannot get going. Want to move leg but cannot!

Question 47

What is ptosis?

Answer 47

Drooping of the eyelid

Question 48

What triad of symptoms would you see in Horner's syndrome?

Answer 48

Drooping of eyelid Pupil constriction Lack of facial sweating

Question 49

Name 3 causes of ptosis

Answer 49

Horner's syndrome Oculomotor palsy Myasthenia

Question 50

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

Answer 50

1-4

Question 51

Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?

Answer 51

5-8

Question 52

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

Answer 52

9-12

Question 53

Slurred speech could relate to damage in which of the cranial nerves?

Answer 53

Hypoglossal/Facial

Question 54

Which cranial nerve keeps the eyelid open?

Answer 54

The oculomotor nerve

Question 55

Nystagmus is characteristic of a problem in which part of the brain?

Answer 55

The cerebellum

Question 56

Which are the two sensory pathways?

Answer 56

The Dorsal Column pathway and the spinothalamic tract

Question 57

How many stages of sleep are there?

Answer 57

5; 4 NREM, 5th = REM.

Question 58

How long is one sleep cycle?

Answer 58

90 minutes

Question 59

Which part of the brain promotes wakefulness?

Answer 59

The lateral hypothalamus

Question 60

Which part of the brain promotes sleep?

Answer 60

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (anterior hypothalamus)

Question 61

Which part of the brain synchronises sleep?

Answer 61

The SCN - Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 62

Does melatonin induce sleep or wakefulness?

Answer 62

Sleep

Question 63

Do dreams occur in NREM or REM sleep?

Answer 63

Both but more in REM sleep.

Question 64

What is hypersomnia?

Answer 64

Excessive sleepiness

Question 65

Define narcolepsy

Answer 65

Falling asleep repeatedly and disruption of night sleep.

Question 66

Define cataplexy

Answer 66

Sudden brief loss of muscle tone - triggered by strong emotions e.g. laughter.

Question 67

Is sleep walking rem or nrem?

Answer 67

NREM.

Question 68

What is a vegetative state?

Answer 68

eyes open but no wakefulness.

Question 69

There is a single brain area for consciousness. T/F?

Answer 69

False

Question 70

What are wakefulness levels in locked in syndrome?

Answer 70

Normal.

Question 71

Which is the fastest rhythm on the EEG?

Answer 71

beta rhythm. slowest = delta. 'droswy' = alpha

Question 72

What are the three aspects of the glasgow coma scale?

Answer 72

eyes, verbal response, motor response (3-15)

Question 73

Is the corpus callosum a white or grey matter tract?

Answer 73

White matter tract

Question 74

'Neglect' is what and in which brain lobe could a lesion cause it?

Answer 74

Disrupted spatial recognition - i.e. only see half of a clock. Parietal lobe affected.

Question 75

In which lobe is the hippocampus?

Answer 75

The temporal lobe

Question 76

Opioids will increase dopamine release from which structure?

Answer 76

The nucleus accumbens

Question 77

Which is the joint in the vertebrae which allows rotation?

Answer 77

The atlanto-axial joint (between C1 and C2)

Question 78

Which joint in the vertebrae allows flexion/extension?

Answer 78

The atlanto-occipital joint

Question 79

Give x2 structural characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 79

Large kidney-shaped vertebral body and short spinous processes.

Question 80

Give x2 structural characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae.

Answer 80

Heart shaped vertebral body and long spinous processes.

Question 81

Give x2 characteristics of the structure of the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 81

Small rectangular vertebral body and small BIFID spinous proccesses

Question 82

Be able to label the atypical vertebrae. Which is the atypical vertebrae?

Answer 82

C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) and C7

Question 83

What is atypical about C1?

Answer 83

Lacks a vertebral body or spinous process

Question 84

What is atypical about C2?

Answer 84

Has an 'odontoid process (peg)'.

Question 85

What is atypical about C7?

Answer 85

Does not have a bifid spinous process and has THE LONGEST spinous process.

Question 86

How many strap muscles are there and name them

Answer 86

4 PAIRS of muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid.

Question 87

At which vertebral level are the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Answer 87

Thyroid cartilage = C4 | Cricoid cartilage = C6

Question 88

At which vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid artery

Answer 88

C4

Question 89

What does 'omo' mean in latin?

Answer 89

Shoulder

Question 90

The brachial plexus is formed from which rami?

Answer 90

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

Question 91

Define deglutition

Answer 91

Swallowing

Question 92

What is the hard palate?

Answer 92

The anterior 2/3 of the roof of the mouth.

Question 93

What does it mean to be a serous salivary gland? Which are the two serous salivary glands?

Answer 93

Secretes proteins and enzymes in saliva | Parotid and submandibular (which is also mucous).

Question 94

What is the gate control theory?

Answer 94

Non-noxious stimulation inhibiting pain transmission from peripheries to the brain. Via spinal cord/ dorsal root ganglion (central inhibition pathway or peripheral inhibition) look at post notes if cannot remember.

Question 95

Which are the key somatosensory areas?

Answer 95

SI - Primary somatosensory cortex SI - Secondary somatosensory cortex Posterior parietal cortex [All post central gyrus]