Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What does the CNS comprise of?
A
The brain (Encephalon) and the spinal cord
2
Q
What does the Rhombencephalon (Hind brain) become?
A
Myelencephalon and the Metencephalon
3
Q
What does the myelencephalon become?
A
Medulla oblongata and the lower part of the 4th ventricle
4
Q
What does the metencephalon become?
A
Pons, Cerebellum and the upper part of the 4th ventricle
5
Q
What does the Mesencephalon (Mid Brain) become?
A
2 regions separated by the cerebral aqueduct
Dorsally becomes the Tectum (Containing inferior and superior colliculi)
Ventrally becomes cerebral peduncle divided into the tegmentum and the crus cerebri which are separated by the substantial nigra
6
Q
What does the prosencephalon become?
A
Diencephalon and the telencephalon
7
Q
What does the diencephalon become?
A
Thalamus and Hypothalamus and the third ventricle
8
Q
What does the telencephalon become?
A
Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and the lateral ventricles
9
Q
What are the sagittal and parasaggital planes of the brain
A
Vertical line through the midline of the brain along the saggital suture. Planes parallel to this but away from the midline are parasagittal
10
Q
Describe the anatomical directions of the brain
A
See neuro diagrams I need to learn
11
Q
Describe the structure of white matter
A
Collection of nerve fibres (Axons and dendrites) with few or no neuronal bodies
12
Q
Describe the structure of grey matter
A
Formed by aggregations of neural cell bodies and there local processes
13
Q
Define nuclei or ganglia
A
Collections of nerve cells within the brain
14
Q
Define the cortex of the brain
A
Outer surface of the brain ie. cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum formed by flatter sheets of neurones
15
Q
What are the three meningeal layers
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
16
Q
Describe the properties of the dura mater
A
Outermost layer
Fibrous sheet
Consists of white collagen fibres with few elastic fibres arranged in laminae
Adjacent laminae have opposing fibre directions forming a lattice
2 layers –> Outer endosteal layer and inner meningeal layer
17
Q
Describe the properties of the arachnoid mater
A
Poorly vascularised membrane of loose connective tissue (elastin, collagen and reticulin)
cells joined together by tight junctions (Zonula occludent)
18
Q
Describe the properties of the pia mater
A
Covers the entire surface of the CNS to which it adheres
Innermost layer lies on CSF surface
Separated from arachnoid mater by subarachnoid space that’s filled with CSF
Connective tissue elements are continuous between arachnoid and pia forming trabeculae
19
Q
What are the functions of the frontal Lobe?
A
Primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex
20
Q
Functions of the temporal lobe
A
Primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex (Wenicke’s area), hippocampus and amygdala
21
Q
Constituents of Parietal lobe
A
Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex
22
Q
Constituents of the occipital lobe
A
Primary visual and visual association cortex
23
Q
Constituents of the cerebellum
A
motor control of equilibrium, posture and muscle tone - movement and coordination
24
Q
What does the brainstem contain
A
Ascending and descending tracts, cranial nerve nuclei and reticular formation
25
What is a gyri
Rolls of the cerebral cortex
26
What are sulci
Grooves between gyrus
27
What is the central sulcus
Large fissure separating the frontal from the parietal lobe
28
What is the lateral sulcus
Large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe
29
What is found in the lateral sulcus
Insula - forms the floor of the lateral sulcus
| Opercula - the parts of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes that overlie the insula
30
What is the corpus callosum
Large bundle of white matter than connects the two hemispheres together
31
What is the only part of the diencephalon visible on the outside of the brain?
hypothalamus
32
Draw a labelled diagram of the inferior surface of the brain
See neuro diagrams I need to learn
33
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Primary sensory rea
Dominant (Normally left) lobe is important for perception, interpretation of sensory information and the formation of the idea of a complex, meaningful motor response.
Supramarginal and angular gyrus are concerned with language and mathematical operations
Non dominant lobe (Right) is important for visuospatial functions
34
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, judgement, personality, impulse control and social/sexual behaviour
35
What are he functions of the prefrontal cortex?
Higher cognitive functions and determination of personality
36
What are the functions of the posterior frontal lobe?
Contain motor and premotor areas
37
Where is brocas area found and what is its function?
Found at the inferior frontal gyrus and is important for language production and comprehension
38
Where is Wernickes area located and what is its function?
Found in the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere and is concerned with understanding a spoken word.
39
What are the components of the limbic system and what is its function?
Hippocampus, fornix, amygdala
| Function in emotion, memory, behaviour and olfaction
40
What is the function of the hippocampus
Establishing Long term memory
41
What is the function of the amygdala
Motivationally important stimuli such as reward and fear
42
How does the limbic system operate
Interacts with the endocrine and the autonomic NS and is highly interconnected with the brains pleasure centre the nucleus accumbens which has a role in sexual arousal
43
What are the two layers of the dura mater
Outer endosteal layer
| Inner meningeal layer
44
Describe the outer endosteal layer of the dura mater
Lines and adheres to the interior of the skull sending blood vessels and fibrous processes into the cranial bones
45
How are the dural venous sinuses formed?
Where the inner meningeal layer of the dura mater separates from the outer endosteal layer, dural folds are formed which help outline the left and right hemispheres and the posterior cranial fossa, where these folds attach to the skull the dural venous sinuses form
46
What are subarachnoid cisterns?
Spaces between the arachnoid and the pia mater that are filled with CSF
47
What is the foramen of magendie?
A midline communication between the 4th ventricle and the subarachnoid space
48
What is the foramen of luschka
A lateral communication between the 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space
49
Where is the cerebellomedullary cistern?
Lies in the angle formed by the dorsal surface of medulla and the inferior surface of the cerebellum
50
What is the clinical significance of the foramen of magendie?
This where CSF flows from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space
51
Where is the pontine cistern
on ventral surface of the pons
52
Describe the 4 protective features of the BBB
1. Endothelial cells that line blood vessels are bonded by tight junctions that prevents molecules passing through
2. Basement membrane of CNS blood vessels lack fenestrations
3. Pericytes are embedded in basement membrane and wrap around endothelial cells to regulate blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability
4. Astrocytes extend end feet that envelope CNS capillaries and restrict flow of molecules into the CNS parenchyma
53
Where do the arteries and the veins on the surface of the brain lie?
Within the subarachnoid space
54
Which arteries bring arterial blood to the brain
Internal carotid and the vertebral arteries
55
Which parts of the brain do the vertebral arteries supply?
Supply 20% of the brain
Posterior Cerebrum
Contents of the posterior cranial fossa
56
Which parts of the brain does the internal carotid artery supply?
80% of brain
| Anterior and middle parts of the cerebrum and diencephalon
57
Draw the circle of willis
See diagrams I need to know
58
Where does the internal carotid artery arise from?
Arises from the bifurcation of the common carotid at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage
59
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Corpus callous and medial aspects of the hemispheres
60
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Majority of the lateral surface of the hemisphere and deep structures of the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere due to its anterior perforating branches
61
Draw a diagram of the major arteries on the surface of the brain
See diagrams I need to learn for neuro
62
Where does the vertebral arteries arise from
Subclavian arteries
63
Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?
At the foramen magnum
64
Where does the basilar artery lie?
Anterior median fissure on the pons
65
Where do the cerebral veins drain before they drain to the heart?
Dural venous sinuses which are channels between two layers of the dura mater
66
What are the two divisions of the cerebral veins?
Internal cerebral veins and external cerebral veins
67
Where do internal cerebral veins run?
Within the brain tissue and end when the reach the surface of the brain and become external cerebral veins
68
Where do the external cerebral veins run?
Run on the surface of the brain crossing the subarachnoid space to drain into the dural venous sinuses
69
What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus
Houses 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery
70
Which cranial nerves are housed in the cavernous sinus
```
Maxillary nerve
Ophthalmic nerve
abducens nerve
trochlear nerve
oculomotor nerve
```
71
How do the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull communicate?
Via emissary veins
72
What is the clinical significance of emissary veins
Allow infection and inflammation to spread from outside the skull into the cranial cavity
73
Where is the majority of the CSF produced?
Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles
74
Describe the movement of CSF through the ventricles
CSF passes from the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles via the inter ventricular foramen into the 3rd ventricle, then backwards through the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle. This then communicates with the subarachnoid space via the median foramen of magendie and the lateral foramina of luschka
75
Describe the formation of the choroid plexus
Vessel invagination into the ventricles produce vascular fold in the Pia mater covered by an epithelium derived from the ependymal lining of the ventricle
76
How Is the volume and composition of the CSF controlled?
Tight junctions prevent passage of fluid from the extracellular space of the choroid plexus into the ventricle except via the choroidal cells themselves
77
What are the two routes of CSF resorption into the venous drainage of the brain?
```
Arachnoid granulations (Tufts) allow CSF to reabsorbed into venous structures
Drains along nerves to the lymphatics mainly the nasal mucosa lymphatics
```
78
What are the two routes of CSF resorption into the venous drainage of the brain?
```
Arachnoid granulations (Tufts) allow CSF to reabsorbed into venous structures
Drains along nerves to the lymphatics mainly the nasal mucosa lymphatics
```
79
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
(i) Opthalmic artery
(ii) Posterior communicating artery
(iii) Anterior Choroidal artery
(iv) Anterior cerebral artery
80
What are the branches of the vertebral artery?
(i) Meningeal branch
(ii) Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
(iii) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
81
What lies in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobe
82
What lies in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal, Parietal and occipital lobes of the brain
| Is much deeper than the anterior cranial fossa
83
What lies in the posterior cranial cavity?
Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
| Deepest of the three fossa
84
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial (7)
| Vestibulocochlear (8)
85
Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
Accessory (11)
86
Which cranial nerves pass through the ethmoidal foramen?
Olfactory (1)
87
Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?
Optic (2)
88
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor (3)
Trochlea (4)
Trigeminal (5) - opthalmic branch
Abducens (6)
89
Which cranial nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?
Trigeminal (5) - maxillary branch
90
Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale
Trigeminal (5) - mandibular branch
91
Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal (12)
92
What are the causes of raised intracranial pressure?
Space occupying lesions (Tumour, haemotoma and access)
| Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
93
The frontal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
Centrally placed branch of cranial nerve 6 (Abducens)
94
What are 2 branches of the frontal nerve?
Supra-orbital nerve
| Supratrochlear nerve
95
What is the origin and insertion of levatator palpebral superioris?
Origin - posterior orbit at common tendinous ring
| Insertion - Upper eyelid
96
Where does the lacrimal gland lie?
Inside the lateral margin of the orbit, adjacent to the lateral margin of levator palpebral superioris
97
What is the nerve supply of levator palpebral superioris?
branch of the oculomotor nerve
98
What is the origin and insertion of the superior rectus muscle?
Origin - deep part of the orbit at the common tendinous ring
Insertion - runs over top of eyeball and inserts anterior to the equator to the eyeball behind the conjunctival sac
99
What is the origin and insertion of the superior oblique muscle?
Origin - posterior orbit
| Inserts - runs forward to pass the trochlear and inserts onto the posterior part of the eyeball
100
Describe parasympathetic outflow from the CNS and spinal cord
CN 3, 7, 9 and 10
| Sacral spinal segments 2, 3 and 4
101
Which cranial nerves have branches to the orbit?
3 and 7
102
Describe the pathway of the parasympathetic fibres of the third cranial nerve in the orbit
parasympathetic fibres of CN 3 originates in the dinger-westphal nucleus in the midbrain and travel into the branch of the inferior oblique muscle, they leave the nerve and enter the ciliary ganglion which gives fibres that innervate the ciliary muscle and the sphincter papillae
103
Describe the pathway of the parasympathetic fibres of the 7th cranial nerve in the orbit
leave middle ear nerve and synapse in a ganglion in the pterygopalantine fossa and supply the lacrimal gland
104
Describe the sympathetic outflow from the CNS
From spinal segments thoracic 1 to lumbar 2 passing into sympathetic trunks which run from the base of the skull to the bottom of the sacrum
105
Describe sympathetic outflow from the CNS to the orbit
Sympathetic fibres to the orbit arise from segment T1 and pass up through the sympathetic trunk through the stellate ganglion to the base of the skull
They leave the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk to supply the dilator pupillae muscle and blood vessels
106
What is the greater petrosal nerve a branch of?
parasympathetic branch of CN VII which emerges from petrous temporal bone and passes anteromedially
107
What is the order of the ear ossicles?
Maleus --> Incus --> Stapes
108
What is the chorda tympani nerve a branch of?
branch of CN 7 crossing the tympanic membrane
109
Which cranial nerves does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?
CN 7 and CN 8
110
What are the 3 cranial fossa
Anterior
Middle
posterior
111
What is the space between the cerebral peduncles called?
interpeduncular fossa
112
What does the inferior brachium carry and where does it travel between?
Between the lateral geniculate ganglion and the the superior colliculi
Visual information
113
What information does the superior brachium carry and where does it travel between?
Auditory information
| Between the medial geniculate body and the inferior colliculi
114
Impairment of the cranial nerves that arise from the medulla (9, 10, 11 and 12) causes what disease?
Bulbar palsy
115
What are the symptoms of bulbar palsy?
```
Dysphagia
Slurring of speech
Dysphonia
Excessive saliva
Wasting and fasciculation tongue
Absent gag reflex
```
116
What are the 2 main causes of bulbar palsy
Guillain Barre syndrome
| Motor neurone disease
117
Gracile afferents carry information from where
Lower limbs
118
Cuneate afferents carry information from where
Upper limbs
119
Cuneate afferents carry information from where
Upper limbs
120
What is the medullary striae
Ponto-cerebellar fibres passing from the pons to the cerebrum that divide the flor of the 4th ventricle into rostral and caudal
121
What is the function of locus coeruleus
Stress response and arousal
122
What is the function of the area postraema?
Nausea control - chemoreceptive trigger zone for emetic response
123
What is the function of the lamina terminalis?
Prevents the third ventricle draining into the subarachnoid space
124
What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum
Rostrum (Anterior)
Genu
Body
Splenion (End)
125
What are the 3 main types of white matter fibres
Association fibres
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres
126
What are association fibres
Link Cortical regions within one hemisphere
127
What are commissural fibres
Link functionally similar areas across hemispheres
128
What are the projectional fibres
vertically projecting fibres
