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Phase 1 M > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS comprise of?

A

The brain (Encephalon) and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon (Hind brain) become?

A

Myelencephalon and the Metencephalon

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3
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

Medulla oblongata and the lower part of the 4th ventricle

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4
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A

Pons, Cerebellum and the upper part of the 4th ventricle

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5
Q

What does the Mesencephalon (Mid Brain) become?

A

2 regions separated by the cerebral aqueduct
Dorsally becomes the Tectum (Containing inferior and superior colliculi)
Ventrally becomes cerebral peduncle divided into the tegmentum and the crus cerebri which are separated by the substantial nigra

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6
Q

What does the prosencephalon become?

A

Diencephalon and the telencephalon

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7
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus and the third ventricle

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8
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A

Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia and the lateral ventricles

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9
Q

What are the sagittal and parasaggital planes of the brain

A

Vertical line through the midline of the brain along the saggital suture. Planes parallel to this but away from the midline are parasagittal

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10
Q

Describe the anatomical directions of the brain

A

See neuro diagrams I need to learn

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11
Q

Describe the structure of white matter

A

Collection of nerve fibres (Axons and dendrites) with few or no neuronal bodies

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12
Q

Describe the structure of grey matter

A

Formed by aggregations of neural cell bodies and there local processes

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13
Q

Define nuclei or ganglia

A

Collections of nerve cells within the brain

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14
Q

Define the cortex of the brain

A

Outer surface of the brain ie. cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum formed by flatter sheets of neurones

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15
Q

What are the three meningeal layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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16
Q

Describe the properties of the dura mater

A

Outermost layer
Fibrous sheet
Consists of white collagen fibres with few elastic fibres arranged in laminae
Adjacent laminae have opposing fibre directions forming a lattice
2 layers –> Outer endosteal layer and inner meningeal layer

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17
Q

Describe the properties of the arachnoid mater

A

Poorly vascularised membrane of loose connective tissue (elastin, collagen and reticulin)
cells joined together by tight junctions (Zonula occludent)

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18
Q

Describe the properties of the pia mater

A

Covers the entire surface of the CNS to which it adheres
Innermost layer lies on CSF surface
Separated from arachnoid mater by subarachnoid space that’s filled with CSF
Connective tissue elements are continuous between arachnoid and pia forming trabeculae

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19
Q

What are the functions of the frontal Lobe?

A

Primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex

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20
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex (Wenicke’s area), hippocampus and amygdala

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21
Q

Constituents of Parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex

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22
Q

Constituents of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

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23
Q

Constituents of the cerebellum

A

motor control of equilibrium, posture and muscle tone - movement and coordination

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24
Q

What does the brainstem contain

A

Ascending and descending tracts, cranial nerve nuclei and reticular formation

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25
Q

What is a gyri

A

Rolls of the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

What are sulci

A

Grooves between gyrus

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27
Q

What is the central sulcus

A

Large fissure separating the frontal from the parietal lobe

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28
Q

What is the lateral sulcus

A

Large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe

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29
Q

What is found in the lateral sulcus

A

Insula - forms the floor of the lateral sulcus

Opercula - the parts of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes that overlie the insula

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30
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of white matter than connects the two hemispheres together

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31
Q

What is the only part of the diencephalon visible on the outside of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

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32
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of the inferior surface of the brain

A

See neuro diagrams I need to learn

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33
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary sensory rea
Dominant (Normally left) lobe is important for perception, interpretation of sensory information and the formation of the idea of a complex, meaningful motor response.
Supramarginal and angular gyrus are concerned with language and mathematical operations
Non dominant lobe (Right) is important for visuospatial functions

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34
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, judgement, personality, impulse control and social/sexual behaviour

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35
Q

What are he functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Higher cognitive functions and determination of personality

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36
Q

What are the functions of the posterior frontal lobe?

A

Contain motor and premotor areas

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37
Q

Where is brocas area found and what is its function?

A

Found at the inferior frontal gyrus and is important for language production and comprehension

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38
Q

Where is Wernickes area located and what is its function?

A

Found in the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere and is concerned with understanding a spoken word.

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39
Q

What are the components of the limbic system and what is its function?

A

Hippocampus, fornix, amygdala

Function in emotion, memory, behaviour and olfaction

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40
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus

A

Establishing Long term memory

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41
Q

What is the function of the amygdala

A

Motivationally important stimuli such as reward and fear

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42
Q

How does the limbic system operate

A

Interacts with the endocrine and the autonomic NS and is highly interconnected with the brains pleasure centre the nucleus accumbens which has a role in sexual arousal

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43
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater

A

Outer endosteal layer

Inner meningeal layer

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44
Q

Describe the outer endosteal layer of the dura mater

A

Lines and adheres to the interior of the skull sending blood vessels and fibrous processes into the cranial bones

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45
Q

How are the dural venous sinuses formed?

A

Where the inner meningeal layer of the dura mater separates from the outer endosteal layer, dural folds are formed which help outline the left and right hemispheres and the posterior cranial fossa, where these folds attach to the skull the dural venous sinuses form

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46
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns?

A

Spaces between the arachnoid and the pia mater that are filled with CSF

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47
Q

What is the foramen of magendie?

A

A midline communication between the 4th ventricle and the subarachnoid space

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48
Q

What is the foramen of luschka

A

A lateral communication between the 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space

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49
Q

Where is the cerebellomedullary cistern?

A

Lies in the angle formed by the dorsal surface of medulla and the inferior surface of the cerebellum

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50
Q

What is the clinical significance of the foramen of magendie?

A

This where CSF flows from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space

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51
Q

Where is the pontine cistern

A

on ventral surface of the pons

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52
Q

Describe the 4 protective features of the BBB

A
  1. Endothelial cells that line blood vessels are bonded by tight junctions that prevents molecules passing through
  2. Basement membrane of CNS blood vessels lack fenestrations
  3. Pericytes are embedded in basement membrane and wrap around endothelial cells to regulate blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability
  4. Astrocytes extend end feet that envelope CNS capillaries and restrict flow of molecules into the CNS parenchyma
53
Q

Where do the arteries and the veins on the surface of the brain lie?

A

Within the subarachnoid space

54
Q

Which arteries bring arterial blood to the brain

A

Internal carotid and the vertebral arteries

55
Q

Which parts of the brain do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

Supply 20% of the brain
Posterior Cerebrum
Contents of the posterior cranial fossa

56
Q

Which parts of the brain does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

80% of brain

Anterior and middle parts of the cerebrum and diencephalon

57
Q

Draw the circle of willis

A

See diagrams I need to know

58
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery arise from?

A

Arises from the bifurcation of the common carotid at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

59
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Corpus callous and medial aspects of the hemispheres

60
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Majority of the lateral surface of the hemisphere and deep structures of the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere due to its anterior perforating branches

61
Q

Draw a diagram of the major arteries on the surface of the brain

A

See diagrams I need to learn for neuro

62
Q

Where does the vertebral arteries arise from

A

Subclavian arteries

63
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

At the foramen magnum

64
Q

Where does the basilar artery lie?

A

Anterior median fissure on the pons

65
Q

Where do the cerebral veins drain before they drain to the heart?

A

Dural venous sinuses which are channels between two layers of the dura mater

66
Q

What are the two divisions of the cerebral veins?

A

Internal cerebral veins and external cerebral veins

67
Q

Where do internal cerebral veins run?

A

Within the brain tissue and end when the reach the surface of the brain and become external cerebral veins

68
Q

Where do the external cerebral veins run?

A

Run on the surface of the brain crossing the subarachnoid space to drain into the dural venous sinuses

69
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cavernous sinus

A

Houses 5 cranial nerves and the internal carotid artery

70
Q

Which cranial nerves are housed in the cavernous sinus

A 
Maxillary nerve 
Ophthalmic nerve 
abducens nerve 
trochlear nerve 
oculomotor nerve
71
Q

How do the intracranial venous sinuses and the veins outside the skull communicate?

A

Via emissary veins

72
Q

What is the clinical significance of emissary veins

A

Allow infection and inflammation to spread from outside the skull into the cranial cavity

73
Q

Where is the majority of the CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

74
Q

Describe the movement of CSF through the ventricles

A

CSF passes from the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles via the inter ventricular foramen into the 3rd ventricle, then backwards through the cerebral aqueduct into the 4th ventricle. This then communicates with the subarachnoid space via the median foramen of magendie and the lateral foramina of luschka

75
Q

Describe the formation of the choroid plexus

A

Vessel invagination into the ventricles produce vascular fold in the Pia mater covered by an epithelium derived from the ependymal lining of the ventricle

76
Q

How Is the volume and composition of the CSF controlled?

A

Tight junctions prevent passage of fluid from the extracellular space of the choroid plexus into the ventricle except via the choroidal cells themselves

77
Q

What are the two routes of CSF resorption into the venous drainage of the brain?

A 
Arachnoid granulations (Tufts) allow CSF to reabsorbed into venous structures 
Drains along nerves to the lymphatics mainly the nasal mucosa lymphatics
78
Q

What are the two routes of CSF resorption into the venous drainage of the brain?

A 
Arachnoid granulations (Tufts) allow CSF to reabsorbed into venous structures 
Drains along nerves to the lymphatics mainly the nasal mucosa lymphatics
79
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

(i) Opthalmic artery
(ii) Posterior communicating artery
(iii) Anterior Choroidal artery
(iv) Anterior cerebral artery

80
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral artery?

A

(i) Meningeal branch
(ii) Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
(iii) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

81
Q

What lies in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe

82
Q

What lies in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal, Parietal and occipital lobes of the brain

Is much deeper than the anterior cranial fossa

83
Q

What lies in the posterior cranial cavity?

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

Deepest of the three fossa

84
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial (7)

Vestibulocochlear (8)

85
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
Accessory (11)

86
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the ethmoidal foramen?

A

Olfactory (1)

87
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?

A

Optic (2)

88
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor (3)
Trochlea (4)
Trigeminal (5) - opthalmic branch
Abducens (6)

89
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?

A

Trigeminal (5) - maxillary branch

90
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale

A

Trigeminal (5) - mandibular branch

91
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal (12)

92
Q

What are the causes of raised intracranial pressure?

A

Space occupying lesions (Tumour, haemotoma and access)

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

93
Q

The frontal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

Centrally placed branch of cranial nerve 6 (Abducens)

94
Q

What are 2 branches of the frontal nerve?

A

Supra-orbital nerve

Supratrochlear nerve

95
Q

What is the origin and insertion of levatator palpebral superioris?

A

Origin - posterior orbit at common tendinous ring

Insertion - Upper eyelid

96
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland lie?

A

Inside the lateral margin of the orbit, adjacent to the lateral margin of levator palpebral superioris

97
Q

What is the nerve supply of levator palpebral superioris?

A

branch of the oculomotor nerve

98
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superior rectus muscle?

A

Origin - deep part of the orbit at the common tendinous ring
Insertion - runs over top of eyeball and inserts anterior to the equator to the eyeball behind the conjunctival sac

99
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superior oblique muscle?

A

Origin - posterior orbit

Inserts - runs forward to pass the trochlear and inserts onto the posterior part of the eyeball

100
Q

Describe parasympathetic outflow from the CNS and spinal cord

A

CN 3, 7, 9 and 10

Sacral spinal segments 2, 3 and 4

101
Q

Which cranial nerves have branches to the orbit?

A

3 and 7

102
Q

Describe the pathway of the parasympathetic fibres of the third cranial nerve in the orbit

A

parasympathetic fibres of CN 3 originates in the dinger-westphal nucleus in the midbrain and travel into the branch of the inferior oblique muscle, they leave the nerve and enter the ciliary ganglion which gives fibres that innervate the ciliary muscle and the sphincter papillae

103
Q

Describe the pathway of the parasympathetic fibres of the 7th cranial nerve in the orbit

A

leave middle ear nerve and synapse in a ganglion in the pterygopalantine fossa and supply the lacrimal gland

104
Q

Describe the sympathetic outflow from the CNS

A

From spinal segments thoracic 1 to lumbar 2 passing into sympathetic trunks which run from the base of the skull to the bottom of the sacrum

105
Q

Describe sympathetic outflow from the CNS to the orbit

A

Sympathetic fibres to the orbit arise from segment T1 and pass up through the sympathetic trunk through the stellate ganglion to the base of the skull
They leave the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk to supply the dilator pupillae muscle and blood vessels

106
Q

What is the greater petrosal nerve a branch of?

A

parasympathetic branch of CN VII which emerges from petrous temporal bone and passes anteromedially

107
Q

What is the order of the ear ossicles?

A

Maleus –> Incus –> Stapes

108
Q

What is the chorda tympani nerve a branch of?

A

branch of CN 7 crossing the tympanic membrane

109
Q

Which cranial nerves does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?

A

CN 7 and CN 8

110
Q

What are the 3 cranial fossa

A

Anterior
Middle
posterior

111
Q

What is the space between the cerebral peduncles called?

A

interpeduncular fossa

112
Q

What does the inferior brachium carry and where does it travel between?

A

Between the lateral geniculate ganglion and the the superior colliculi
Visual information

113
Q

What information does the superior brachium carry and where does it travel between?

A

Auditory information

Between the medial geniculate body and the inferior colliculi

114
Q

Impairment of the cranial nerves that arise from the medulla (9, 10, 11 and 12) causes what disease?

A

Bulbar palsy

115
Q

What are the symptoms of bulbar palsy?

A 
Dysphagia 
Slurring of speech 
Dysphonia 
Excessive saliva 
Wasting and fasciculation tongue 
Absent gag reflex
116
Q

What are the 2 main causes of bulbar palsy

A

Guillain Barre syndrome

Motor neurone disease

117
Q

Gracile afferents carry information from where

A

Lower limbs

118
Q

Cuneate afferents carry information from where

A

Upper limbs

119
Q

Cuneate afferents carry information from where

A

Upper limbs

120
Q

What is the medullary striae

A

Ponto-cerebellar fibres passing from the pons to the cerebrum that divide the flor of the 4th ventricle into rostral and caudal

121
Q

What is the function of locus coeruleus

A

Stress response and arousal

122
Q

What is the function of the area postraema?

A

Nausea control - chemoreceptive trigger zone for emetic response

123
Q

What is the function of the lamina terminalis?

A

Prevents the third ventricle draining into the subarachnoid space

124
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum

A

Rostrum (Anterior)
Genu
Body
Splenion (End)

125
Q

What are the 3 main types of white matter fibres

A

Association fibres
Commissural fibres
Projection fibres

126
Q

What are association fibres

A

Link Cortical regions within one hemisphere

127
Q

What are commissural fibres

A

Link functionally similar areas across hemispheres

128
Q

What are the projectional fibres

A

vertically projecting fibres

Phase 1 M (11 decks)

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