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Phase 1 M > IMMS Anatomy > Flashcards

IMMS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A
  1. Standing erect, feet flat under hips
  2. Straight back with eyes and head forward
  3. Arms by sides with forearms and hands facing forwards
  4. Eyes focused at infinity on the horizon
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2
Q

What are the planes of the body?

A

Sagittal - divides body into left and right
Coronal - divides body into front and back
Axial - Divides body into top and bottom

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3
Q

What are the three types of joint?

A

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

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4
Q

Describe a fibrous joint

A

Bones are united by fibrous tissue
There is no joint cavity so movement depends on the length of the fibres
ie. Cranium

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5
Q

Describe a synovial joint

A

Bones are joined by joint capsule enclosing joint cavity
Capsule consists of outer fibrous and inner serous synovial membrane
Joint cavity filled by lubricating synovial fluid
Bones covered by articular cartilage
Allows free movement of bones ie. limbs

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6
Q

Describe a cartilaginous joint

A

Bones are united by cartilage
Primary = hyaline –> Flexibility –> ribs join to sternum
Secondary = hyaline + fibrous –> Strength –> Joints between vertebral bodies

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7
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a plane joint

A

Articular surfaces are flat with a tight joint capsule

ie. acromioclavicular joint

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8
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a hinge joint

A

Allows only flexion and extension

ie. elbow joint

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9
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a saddle joint

A

Two articular surfaces are convex and concave allowing for two planes of movement
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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10
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a condyloid joint

A

Similar to saddle joint in that it has two planes of movement but one is restricted
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
ie. Metacarpophylangeal joints of fingers

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11
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a ball and socket joint

A

Spherical and concave articulates
Allows movement in multiple axis - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circum and rotation
Hip Joint

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12
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a pivot joint

A

Allows rotation around a central axis

ie. Atlanto-axial joint of the cervical spine

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13
Q

How is the knee joint protected?

A

Medial and lateral meniscus made from fibrocartilage for shock absorption
Hyaline cartilage on articulate surfaces to smooth movement
Lateral + Medial collateral ligaments on either side of the knee made from fibrous connective tissue to stabilise the femur and the tibia

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14
Q

What effect would lateral force to the knee have?

A

Increase the medial angle of the knee causing strain or tear of the medial collateral ligament

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15
Q

What effect would medial force to the knee have?

A

Increase the lateral angle of the knee causing strain or tear of the lateral collateral ligament

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16
Q

Where does the ACL attach and how does it protect the knee joint?

A

Attaches from the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau - Prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur

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17
Q

Where does the PCL attach and how does it protect the knee joint?

A

Attaches from the posterior of the tibial plateau to the anterior of the medial condyle of the femur - prevents excessive anterior movement of the femur in relation to the tibia

18
Q

Describe properties and functions of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary controlled by the ANS found in hollow organs ie. bladder, bowel and uterus and blood vessels
Controls blood pressure, digestion and temperature control

19
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle (give examples)?

A
  1. Fusiform - biceps brachii
  2. Parallel - rectus abdominus
  3. Convergent - pectoralis major
  4. Unipennate - Palmar interosseous
  5. Bipennate - Rectus Femoris
  6. Multipennate - Deltoid
  7. Circular - Orbicular Oculi
20
Q

Define flexion

A

Joint becomes more bent

21
Q

Define extension

A

Joint becomes less bent

22
Q

Define rotation

A

Angle of the joint does’t change but the axis of one bone rotates relative to the other

23
Q

Define Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

24
Q

Define adduction

A

Movement towards the midline

25
Q

Define lateral flexion

A

Movement of the trunk and neck to bend over the side

26
Q

Define Pronation

A

Rotation of the forearm bones so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

27
Q

Define Supination

A

Rotation of the forearm bones such that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly

28
Q

Define Protraction

A

To move forwards

29
Q

Define Retraction

A

To move backwards

30
Q

Define Opposition

A

Special movement that rotates the thumb allowing the palm of the thumb to touch the palm of the little finger

31
Q

Define Inversion

A

When the sole of the foot faces inwards towards the other foot

32
Q

Define eversion

A

When the sole of the foot faces outwards away from the other foot

33
Q

Compare the joints of the upper and lower limb

A

Upper limb does less weight bearing so more motility at shoulder joint due to shallow ball and socket joint and clavicle supporting limb away from thoracic wall

Lower limb (Hip joint) has greater stability and can weight bear with femoral head deep in acetabulum but restricted movement. Bone structure enables locking to enable standing for extended periods

34
Q

Compare the muscle distribution of the upper and Lower limb

A

Muscle in the upper limb in the arm and forearm with small intrinsic hand muscles in conjunction with forearm tendons allowing fine dextrous movement

Muscles In the lower limb are large in the foot which enables weight bearing but prevents the fine control of feet

35
Q

Describe the anatomy of the spine

A

Cervical = 7, Thoracic = 12, Lumbar = 5 and Sacral = 5

Sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum and the further 4 distal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx

36
Q

Describe the anatomy of C1 (Atlas)

A

Atlas supports the weight of the head and has large articular surfaces to transmit force down to the spine
Lateral articulations both superior and inferior for the skull and C2 (Axis) respectively
Atlas has no vertebral body as it is fused with the axis below to form the Odontoid Peg

37
Q

Describe the Odontoid Peg

A

Held in place by the cruciate ligament and rotates within the atlas to allow rotation of the head on the neck

38
Q

Which cervical vertebrae is not bifid?

A

C7

39
Q

How many foramina do the cervical vertebrae have?

A

Three; one for the spinal cord and 2 for the vertebral arteries in the transverse process

40
Q

Describe anatomy of the thoracic vertebra

A

Have longer spinous processes than the cervical vertebra and do not have holes in their transverse processes - also have synovial joints for the heads and tubercles of the ribs and vertebral transverse processes

Phase 1 M (11 decks)

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