IMMS Anatomy Flashcards
Describe the anatomical position
- Standing erect, feet flat under hips
- Straight back with eyes and head forward
- Arms by sides with forearms and hands facing forwards
- Eyes focused at infinity on the horizon
What are the planes of the body?
Sagittal - divides body into left and right
Coronal - divides body into front and back
Axial - Divides body into top and bottom
What are the three types of joint?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
Describe a fibrous joint
Bones are united by fibrous tissue
There is no joint cavity so movement depends on the length of the fibres
ie. Cranium
Describe a synovial joint
Bones are joined by joint capsule enclosing joint cavity
Capsule consists of outer fibrous and inner serous synovial membrane
Joint cavity filled by lubricating synovial fluid
Bones covered by articular cartilage
Allows free movement of bones ie. limbs
Describe a cartilaginous joint
Bones are united by cartilage
Primary = hyaline –> Flexibility –> ribs join to sternum
Secondary = hyaline + fibrous –> Strength –> Joints between vertebral bodies
Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a plane joint
Articular surfaces are flat with a tight joint capsule
ie. acromioclavicular joint
Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a hinge joint
Allows only flexion and extension
ie. elbow joint
Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a saddle joint
Two articular surfaces are convex and concave allowing for two planes of movement
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a condyloid joint
Similar to saddle joint in that it has two planes of movement but one is restricted
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
ie. Metacarpophylangeal joints of fingers
Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a ball and socket joint
Spherical and concave articulates
Allows movement in multiple axis - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circum and rotation
Hip Joint
Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a pivot joint
Allows rotation around a central axis
ie. Atlanto-axial joint of the cervical spine
How is the knee joint protected?
Medial and lateral meniscus made from fibrocartilage for shock absorption
Hyaline cartilage on articulate surfaces to smooth movement
Lateral + Medial collateral ligaments on either side of the knee made from fibrous connective tissue to stabilise the femur and the tibia
What effect would lateral force to the knee have?
Increase the medial angle of the knee causing strain or tear of the medial collateral ligament
What effect would medial force to the knee have?
Increase the lateral angle of the knee causing strain or tear of the lateral collateral ligament
Where does the ACL attach and how does it protect the knee joint?
Attaches from the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau - Prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur
Where does the PCL attach and how does it protect the knee joint?
Attaches from the posterior of the tibial plateau to the anterior of the medial condyle of the femur - prevents excessive anterior movement of the femur in relation to the tibia
Describe properties and functions of smooth muscle
Involuntary controlled by the ANS found in hollow organs ie. bladder, bowel and uterus and blood vessels
Controls blood pressure, digestion and temperature control
What are the types of skeletal muscle (give examples)?
- Fusiform - biceps brachii
- Parallel - rectus abdominus
- Convergent - pectoralis major
- Unipennate - Palmar interosseous
- Bipennate - Rectus Femoris
- Multipennate - Deltoid
- Circular - Orbicular Oculi
Define flexion
Joint becomes more bent
Define extension
Joint becomes less bent
Define rotation
Angle of the joint does’t change but the axis of one bone rotates relative to the other
Define Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Define adduction
Movement towards the midline
Define lateral flexion
Movement of the trunk and neck to bend over the side
Define Pronation
Rotation of the forearm bones so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
Define Supination
Rotation of the forearm bones such that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly
Define Protraction
To move forwards
Define Retraction
To move backwards
Define Opposition
Special movement that rotates the thumb allowing the palm of the thumb to touch the palm of the little finger
Define Inversion
When the sole of the foot faces inwards towards the other foot
Define eversion
When the sole of the foot faces outwards away from the other foot
Compare the joints of the upper and lower limb
Upper limb does less weight bearing so more motility at shoulder joint due to shallow ball and socket joint and clavicle supporting limb away from thoracic wall
Lower limb (Hip joint) has greater stability and can weight bear with femoral head deep in acetabulum but restricted movement. Bone structure enables locking to enable standing for extended periods
Compare the muscle distribution of the upper and Lower limb
Muscle in the upper limb in the arm and forearm with small intrinsic hand muscles in conjunction with forearm tendons allowing fine dextrous movement
Muscles In the lower limb are large in the foot which enables weight bearing but prevents the fine control of feet
Describe the anatomy of the spine
Cervical = 7, Thoracic = 12, Lumbar = 5 and Sacral = 5
Sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum and the further 4 distal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx
Describe the anatomy of C1 (Atlas)
Atlas supports the weight of the head and has large articular surfaces to transmit force down to the spine
Lateral articulations both superior and inferior for the skull and C2 (Axis) respectively
Atlas has no vertebral body as it is fused with the axis below to form the Odontoid Peg
Describe the Odontoid Peg
Held in place by the cruciate ligament and rotates within the atlas to allow rotation of the head on the neck
Which cervical vertebrae is not bifid?
C7
How many foramina do the cervical vertebrae have?
Three; one for the spinal cord and 2 for the vertebral arteries in the transverse process
Describe anatomy of the thoracic vertebra
Have longer spinous processes than the cervical vertebra and do not have holes in their transverse processes - also have synovial joints for the heads and tubercles of the ribs and vertebral transverse processes
