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Year 3 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type is most numerous in the CNS?

A

Glial cells

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2
Q

Name the different types of glial cell.

A

Atrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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3
Q

Which glial cells help maintain the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

Which glial cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

Which glial cells are involved with immune monitoring and antigen presentation?

A

Microglia

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6
Q

Which glial cells line the ventricles?

A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

What part of the neuron is contained within the grey horn of the spinal cord?

A

cell bodies

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8
Q

What is the first furrow to develop in the brain?

A

central sulcus

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9
Q

Which part of the brain contains the primary somatosensory centre?

A

Post-central gyrus

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10
Q

Which part of the brain contains the primary motor centre?

A

Precentral gyrus

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11
Q

Which two basal ganglia combine to form the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

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12
Q

What substance fills the ventricles?

A

CSF

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13
Q

What is the name given to the white matter tract that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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14
Q

What is the name of the hidden lobe of the brain involved in the patients experience of pain?

A

Insula

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15
Q

What 3 layers make up the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater?

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16
Q

What arteries anastomose to form the circle of willis?

A 
internal carotid arteries
anterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral arteries 
posterior cerebral arteries 
basilar artery
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17
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain to?

A

internal jugular vein

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18
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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19
Q

At what spinal level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

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20
Q

What name is given to the connective tissue cord that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale

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21
Q

At what spinal level does the dural sac end?

A

S2

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22
Q

At what spinal segments would you find small lateral horns?

A

T1-L2

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23
Q

Are sensory signals carried in ascending or descending tracts?

A

ascending

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24
Q

What sensory modalities are carried by the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system?

A

Fine touch and proprioception

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25
Q

Where do nerve fibres cross the midline in the dorsal column/medial lemniscus system?

A

medulla

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26
Q

Which part of the dorsal column carries signals from the lower limb?

A

vesiculus gracilis

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27
Q

Which part of the dorsal column carries signals from the upper limb?

A

vesiculus cuneatus

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28
Q

Which spinal tract carries pain, temperature and deep pressure fibres?

A

Spinothalamic tract

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29
Q

Does the spinothalamic tract synapse in the brainstem?

A

No

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30
Q

Which spinal tract is responsible for fine, precise movement of distal muscles?

A

Corticospinal tract

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31
Q

Which spinal tract forms the pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla?

A

corticospinal tract

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32
Q

What is the name given to the area in the caudal medulla at which 85% of corticospinal fibres cross the midline?

A

Decussation of the pyramids

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33
Q

What tract is formed by crossed fibres from the corticospinal tract? Lateral or ventral corticospinal tract?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

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34
Q

What tract is formed by uncrossed fibres from the corticospinal tract? Lateral or ventral corticospinal tract?

A

ventral corticospinal tract

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35
Q

Which spinal tract mediated the reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli?

A

tectospinal tract

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36
Q

In the reticulospinal tract, is it fibres originating from the pons or the medulla that facilitate extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements?

A

pons

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37
Q

In the reticulospinal tract, is it fibres originating from the pons or the medulla that facilitate flexor movements and inhibit extensor movements?

A

medulla

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38
Q

Which spinal tract stops you from falling over?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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39
Q

Do the fibres from the vestibulospinal tract cross the midline?

A

no

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40
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum called?

A

anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

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41
Q

What is the name given to the tent of fascia that sits over the cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

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42
Q

What are the names of the three cell layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

molecular (outer)
purkinje (middle)
granule (inner)

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43
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

facilitate purposeful movement
inhibit unwanted movement
role in posture and muscle tone

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44
Q

Name the basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen 
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra
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45
Q

Which basal ganglia make up the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

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46
Q

Which basal ganglia make up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen

globus pallidus

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47
Q

Which basal ganglia make up the corpus striatum?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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48
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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49
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are only motor nerves?

A

CN III, IV, VI, XI and XII

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50
Q

Are the nuclei of the motor nerves found medially or laterally in the brainstem?

A

medially, sensory found laterally

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51
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the cervical spinal cord?

A

Spinal accessory

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52
Q

Which cranial nerves have both motor and sensory function?

A

CN V, VII, IX and X

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53
Q

What are the three parts of the trigeminal sensory nuclei?

A

mesencephalic nucleus
pontine trigeminal nucleus
spinal nucleus

54
Q

Where is the only site in the CNS where the cell bodies of primary afferent neurons live?

A

mesencephalic nucleus

55
Q

Which trigeminal nucleus receives proprioceptive information from the teeth and jaw?

A

mesencephalic nucleus

56
Q

Which cranial nerves share the solitary nucleus?

A

CN VII, IX and X

57
Q

Which cranial nerves share the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei?

A

CN VII and IX

58
Q

Which cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus?

A

CN IX, X and cranial part of XI

59
Q

What part of the pyramidal tract is motor to the cranial nerves?

A

corticobulbar tract

60
Q

Where do the cell bodies of the cochlear nerve lie?

A

Spiral ganglion

61
Q

Which nucleus in the pons helps you to place where sounds are coming from?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

62
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex found?

A

superior temporal lobe

63
Q

Are high frequency sounds processed anterolaterally or posteromedially in the auditory cortex?

A

Posteromedially

64
Q

Are low frequency sounds processed anterolaterally or posteromedially in the auditory cortex?

A

Anterolaterally

65
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability to use language

66
Q

Damage to which area of the brain will result in difficulty producing language?

A

Broca’s area

67
Q

Damage to which area of the brain will result in difficulty comprehending language?

A

Wernicke’s area

68
Q

Is the lateral or medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus involved in vision?

A

Lateral, medial involved in hearing

69
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

70
Q

Are the lower visual fields projected to the gyrus inferior or superior to the calcarine sulcus?

A

superior

71
Q

Are the upper visual fields projected to the gyrus inferior or superior to the calcarine sulcus?

A

inferior

72
Q

Where in the visual cortex does the macula project to?

A

posterior pole

73
Q

Do fibres from the upper or lower visual field travel in Meyer’s loop?

A

Upper

74
Q

Which two parts of the brain have a role in eye movement?

A

visual cortex

frontal eye fields

75
Q

Which part of the brain provides movements in response to visual stimuli (tracking)?

A

Visual cortex, smooth movement

76
Q

Which part of the brain provides movements of command?

A

Frontal eye fields, jumpy movement

77
Q

Which is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem posteriorly?

A

Trochlear (CN IV)

78
Q

How many paired spinal nerves are there?

A

31

79
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

80
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

81
Q

Describe the hierarchy of structures entering and leaving the spinal cord

A

anterior and posterior rootlets > ant and pos roots > spinal nerve > ant and pos rami

82
Q

What kind of fibres are carried in the posterior root?

A

sensory

83
Q

What kind of fibres are carried in the anterior root?

A

motor

84
Q

What kind of fibres are carried in the anterior rami?

A

mixed

85
Q

What kind of fibres are carried in the posterior rami?

A

mixed

86
Q

Which spinal nerves from the cervical plexus?

A

C1-4

87
Q

Which spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

88
Q

Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

89
Q

Which spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

90
Q

What special feature is found within the spinal cord from T1-L2 that allows sympathetic outflow?

A

Lateral grey matter horns

91
Q

Which spinal nerves are sympathetic fibres present in?

A

ALL

92
Q

Do sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

anteriorly

93
Q

Where do the presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X

sacral spinal nerves

94
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboids

95
Q

What are the names of the two groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A 
erector spinae (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep)
96
Q

Name the 3 erector spinae muscles.

A

Iliocostalis (lateral)
Longissmus (intermediate)
Spinalis (medial)

97
Q

Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine?

A

psoas major and rectus abdominus

98
Q

Which ligaments connect adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?

A

ligamentum flavum

99
Q

Which narrow ligament prevents over-flexion of the spine?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

100
Q

Which broad ligament prevents over extension of the spine?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

101
Q

Which ligament connects the tips of the spinous processes?

A

supraspinous ligament

102
Q

Which ligament connects the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?

A

interspinous ligament

103
Q

What is the purpose of the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae?

A

allow passage of vertebral arteries

104
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

Foramen magnum

105
Q

At what spinal level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

106
Q

What name is given to the layer of fat that surrounds the spinal cord?

A

epidural fat

107
Q

Name the three parts of the trapezius.

A

descending (superior)
transverse (middle)
ascending (inferior)

108
Q

Name the extrinsic back muscles.

A

levator scapulae
rhomboids
trapezius
latissimus dorsi

109
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Move the upper limb

110
Q

Name the two groups of intrinsic back muscles.

A

Erector spinae

transversospinalis

111
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

maintain back posture and move the spine

112
Q

How many muscle groups make up the erector spinae?

A

3

113
Q

Name the three groups of muscles that make up the erector spinae from lateral to medial.

A

Iliocostalis
longissmus
spinalis

114
Q

How many tendons attach the erector spinae muscles to the sacrum and iliac crest?

A

one common tendon

115
Q

Where are the transversospinalis muscles found?

A

the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes

116
Q

Which rami of the spinal nerves supply the intrinsic back muscleS?

A

posterior rami

117
Q

Describe flexion of the spine.

A

Bend forwards

118
Q

Describe extension of the spine

A

bend backwards

119
Q

What muscles control flexion of the spine?

A

psoas major and rectus abdominus

120
Q

How many vertebrae make up the adult spinal column?

A

33

121
Q

Which foramina align in the vertebral column to form the spinal canal?

A

vertebral foraminae

122
Q

Which two parts make up the vertebral arch?

A

laminae and pedicles

123
Q

What name is given to the outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral discs?

A

annulus fibrosus

124
Q

What name is given to the inner soft pulp of the intervertebral discs?

A

nucleus pulposus

125
Q

Which short ligaments connect adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?

A

ligamentum flavum

126
Q

Which weak and narrow ligament prevent over-flexion of the spine?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

127
Q

Which broad and strong ligament prevents over extension of the spine?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

128
Q

Which ligaments connect the tips of the spinous processes?

A

supraspinous ligaments

129
Q

Which ligaments attach the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?

A

interspinous ligaments

130
Q

What are three common features of the cervical vertebrae?

A

transverse foramen
bifid spinous processes
triangular shaped vertebral foramen

131
Q

What structures pass through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

A

vertebral arteries

Year 3 (2 decks)

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