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Ethans SHit > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there off the brain stem

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there off the spinal cord

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

nerves to body surface and skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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4
Q

nerves to internal organs and blood vessels

A

ANS

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5
Q

PNS send ________ which give sensory input into the CNS

A

afferent nerve fibers

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6
Q

PNS send _____ which give motor input out of CNS

A

efferent nerve fibers

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7
Q

Nerve cell body groups in the CNS? PNS?

A

nucleus

ganglion

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8
Q

preganglionic fibers are short, postganglionic fibers are long

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

preganglionic fibers are long, postganglionic fibers are short

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

what kind of nerve fibers transmit stomach pain into the CNS

A

Autonomic afferent

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11
Q

the greater splanchnic nerve is a ___________

A

preganglionic sypathetic nerve

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12
Q
  • basal ganglia include:
A 
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
red nucleus (of midbrain)
substantial nigra (midbrain)
sub thalamic nucleus (thalamus)
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13
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem

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14
Q

what are the major divisions of the spinal cord

A

white matter

grey matter

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15
Q

the cerebrum contains what 2 divisions

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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16
Q

the cerebellum contains what divisions?

A

cerebellar cortex

cerebellar nuclei

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17
Q

the brainstem is broken into what divisions?

A

midbrain (mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata

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18
Q

white and grey matter has what divisions

A

dorsal columns
latereal columns
anterior columns

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19
Q

the telencephalon from the cerebrum is divided into

A

cerebral cortex
subcortical white matter
commissures
basal ganglia

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20
Q

the diencephalon from the cerebrum is divided into

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

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21
Q

hypothalamus is part of the

A

diencephalon

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22
Q

substantial nigra is part of the

A

basal ganglia

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23
Q

what are the outside structures of the CNS

A 
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
spinal cord
meninges
blood vessels
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24
Q
  • which is more anterior and in frontal lobe, broca’s area or wernicke’s area?
A

broca’s

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25
Q
  • which is more anterior, primary motor area or primary sensory area?
A

primary motor

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26
Q
  • Which side is broca’s area located in the cerebral cortex? right or left?
A

left

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27
Q
  • lesions in _______ show inability to use syntactic information and typically understand what is being said, but unable to fluently speak
A

broca’s area

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28
Q
  • the corresponding area of broca’s area on the right frontal lobe controls
A

emotional overtones to spoken words

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29
Q
  • What area helps dictate how you say/form words you want to speak
A

broca’s area

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30
Q

area where you have trouble understanding language and finding the correct words as if speaking another language. They can still form word sounds, but often what is spoken lack any meaning

A

wernicke’s area damage

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31
Q

A woman had a stroke that affected her speech. she gave nonsense answers that had no relationship to questions asked. She could answer questions quick, but made no sense. What area of the brain was damaged?

A

Wernicke’s area within temporal cortex

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32
Q

the primary visual cortex is in what region of the brain?

A

occipital

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33
Q

midline portion of the cerebellum is called ____ which separates 2 lateral lobes or cerebellar hemispheres

A

vermis

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34
Q

the surface of the cerebellum has narrow, ridge-like folds called ___, which are oriented transversely

A

folia

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35
Q
  • what are the 3 major external divisions of the brain stem from cranial to caudal
A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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36
Q

What CN come off the CNS?

A

1 & 2

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37
Q

what CN come off the midbrain

A

3, 4,& 5(1)

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38
Q
  • what CN come off the pons
A

5(2), 6, 7, 8

tiny part of 10

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39
Q

what CN come off the medulla

A

9, 10, 11, 12

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40
Q
  • ___ connects the cerebrum to both medulla and cerebellum
A

pons

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41
Q
  • descending fine motor control fibers mostly cross in ______, and small percentage don’t cross and go through ______
A

pyramidal decussation

anterior corticospinal tract

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42
Q

All spinal nerves exit ABOVE their vertebrae until _____ and then the nerves exit below
C7

A

(spinal nerve C8 exits below C7)

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43
Q
  • ____ space is a “potential space” that appears between dura mater and outer portion of arachnoid mater
A

subdural space

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44
Q
  • What are the 4 major blood vessels that supply blood to the base of the brain and what opening do they go through
A

2 vertebral arteries (foramen magnum)

2 internal carotid arteries (carotid canal –> foramen lacerum)

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45
Q

the 4 major blood vessels (2 vertebral, 2 internal carotid) to the brain then travel to the CNS via

A

3 cerebral arteries
3 cerebellar arteries
3 spinal arteries

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46
Q

the 3 cerebral arteries to the brain are

A

anterior and middle (INTERNAL CAROTID)

posterior (vertebral)

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47
Q

the 3 cerebellar arteries to the brain are

A

anterior inferior
posterior inferior
superior cerebellar
(All from vertebral)

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48
Q

the 3 spinal arteries to the brain are

A

1 anterior, 2 posterior

all from vertebral a

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49
Q
  • which arteries to the CNS are from the internal carotid artery
A

anterior and MIDDLE cerebral arteries

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50
Q 
which arteries to the CNS are from vertebral arteries
posterior cerebellar (cerebrum)
A

superior, anterioinferior, posterioinferior (cerebellum)

anterior spinal, 2 posterior spinal (SC)

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51
Q
  • the _____ and its branches course around the genu of the corpus callous to supply anterior frontal lobe and medial aspect of the hemisphere and extend far to the rear
A

anterior cerebral artery

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52
Q
  • the ____ curves around the brain stem, supplying mainly occipital lobe and choroid plexuses of 3rd and lateral ventricles and lower surface of temporal lobe
A

posterior cerebral artery

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53
Q
  • the ____ supplies many deep structures and much of the lateral aspect of cerebrum, branches into lateral fissure, over insula, before reaching convexity of the hemisphere
A

middle cerebral artery

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54
Q

the top of the cerebrum supplies the _____ half the body

A

lower

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55
Q

in a stroke affecting the ______, weakness and sensory loss are most severe in the contralateral face and arm and leg may be mildly affected or unaffected

A

middle cerebral artery

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56
Q

in a stroke affecting the ____ weakness is most pronounced in the contralateral leg

A

anterior cerebral artery

57
Q

unlike systemic veins, ____ have no valves

A

cerebral veins

58
Q

the venous drainage of the brain and coverings include

A

veins of brain itself
dural venous sinuses
meningeal veins
diploid veins

59
Q
  • drain the deep middle cerebral veins into the cavernous sinuses
A

sphenoparietal sinuses

60
Q
  • this sinus in on either side of the sella turcica
A

cavernous sinus

61
Q

What is the CSF circulation?

A

Produced by choroid plexus –> lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> central canal (subarachnoid space) –> flow out either medial or lateral apertures and return to superior saggital sinus via arachnoid granulations

62
Q

tearing of bridging veins between brain surface and dural sinus is the most frequent cause of

A

subdural hemorrhage

63
Q

who are at the greatest risk for a subdural hemorrhage

A

aged adults and children

64
Q

bleeding from a torn meningeal vessel (usually an artery) may lead to a

A

epidural hemorrhage

65
Q

where the internal carotid drains into the cavernous sinus and jugular vein, causing ischemia in the cerebral arteries

A

carotid-cavernous fistula

66
Q

what are the structures of the CNS inside grey and white matter

A 
basal ganglia
diencephalon
brain stem nuclei
spinal cord
ventricles
67
Q

the cell bodies are located in white or grey matter?

A

grey matter

68
Q

fibers such as axons or dendrites are located in white or grey matter?

A

white matter

69
Q

what is the only ganglion in the CNS

A

basal banglia

70
Q
  • associated with voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or “habits” such as bruxism (clench or grind teeth), eye movements and cognitive, emotional functions
A

basal ganglia

71
Q
  • what are the parts of the basal ganglia?
A

thalamus
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus

72
Q

what processes memory and emotional reactions deep with the temporal lobe

A

amygdala

73
Q
  • ____ are myelinated fibers that separate thalamus and caudate nucleus from putamen and globes pallidus nuclei.
A

internal capsule

74
Q

internal capsule myelinated fibers are part of what 2 tracts

A

corticospinal

corticobulbar

75
Q

the globus pallidus and putamen nuclei together are called

A

lenticular nuclei

76
Q

the caudate nucleus contains _____, which are chemicals that produce a positive emotional state

A

endorphins

77
Q

____ infarcts of the posterior capsule can cause either pure motor or sensory deficits

A

lacunar

78
Q
  • defects in function of the _____, causes changes in muscle tone, weak voluntary muscle movement (akinesia) or abnormally slow movements (bradykinesia), or involuntary, abnormal movement (dyskinesia)
A

basal ganglia

79
Q
  • loss of normal motor function resulting in impaired muscle movement
A

akinesia

80
Q
  • slow movement
A

bradykinesia

81
Q
  • impaired ability to make voluntary movements, characterized by spasmodic or repetitive motions or lack of coordination
A

dyskinesia

82
Q

disease characterized by debilitating abnormal movements and cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction

A

huntington’s disease

83
Q

the pathology of Huntington’s includes striking loss of neurons in the ___ and ___ of basal ganglia

A

caudate and putamen

84
Q

** the most common nervous system disorders of the elderly

A

Parkinson’s disease

85
Q

Parkinson’s is characterized by a triad of symptoms such as

A

tremor
rigidity
akinesia/bradykinesisa
balance problems

86
Q

parkinson’s is the loss of neurons in the _____.

A

substantia nigra

87
Q

the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra causes

A

parkinson’s disease

88
Q

Loss of GABA-ergic (inhibitory) neurons in the corpus striatum results in the chorea of

A

huntington’s disease

89
Q

what are the components of the diencephalon (all bilateral)

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus

90
Q

the pituitary gland is controlled by the

A

hypothalamus

91
Q

what hormones are made in the anterior (adenohypophysis) pituitary gland

A 
LPH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
growth hormone
prolactin
92
Q
  • what hormones are made in the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary gland
A

oxytocin

vasopressin (ADH)

93
Q

does the anterior or posterior pituitary release hormones from the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

94
Q

what hormone is made in the hypothalamus

A

GRH

95
Q

ADH is produced by neurons located in the

A

diencephalon (hypothalamus)

96
Q

what CN are located in the medulla

A

9, 10, 11, 12

97
Q

_____ has ventral, dorsal and lateral horns and ____ has ventral, dorsal and lateral columns

A

grey

white

98
Q
  • the lateral ventricles are located within the
A

telencephalon

99
Q
  • the third ventricle is between 2 halves of the
A

diencephalon

100
Q
  • the fourth ventricle is within the ___ and has 3 openings to the outside of the brain
A

brain stem

101
Q

a tuft of hair develops over a region of the spine

A

spinal bifida

102
Q

where does spinal bifida typically occur

A

lower lumbar or sacral region (can be cervical)

103
Q

a protruding of the meninges posteriorly and typically occur in lumbosacral region

A

meningocele

104
Q

protrusion of spinal cord along with CSF and meninges from vertebral canal

A

myelomeningocele

105
Q

more than__% of disk herniation occurs at C6/7; L4/5 ; L5/S1

A

90

106
Q

which type of spinal cord defect is least likely to cause loss of spinal cord function?

A

spinal bifida occulata

107
Q

what 2 spinal cord defects is most likely to result in paraplegia

A

spina bifida and rachichisis

108
Q

sensory neurons via dorsal column tracts provide what

A

sensation of fine touch
vibration
2 point discrimination
proprioception

109
Q

what is the somatosensory pathway in dorsal column?

A
  1. DRG –> spinal cord via dorsal root –> fasciculus gracilis (medial) –> fasciculus cuneatus (lateral) –>
  2. lower medulla in gracile and cuneate nuclei –> cross over via lemniscal decussation –> ascend to thalamus–>
  3. ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei –> cerebral sensory cortex
110
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract?

A
  1. DRG –> spinal cord via dorsal root –> forms lissauer’s tract and ascend ipsilateral 2 segments –>
  2. synapse with dorsal horn neurons (*2 spinal segments above) –> cross to opposite side to form anterior (light touch) and lateral (pain and temp) spinothalamic tract –>
  3. thalamus –>somatosensory cerebral cortex
111
Q

which order neuron is the only one to cross over in dorsal column pathway

A

secondary neuron

112
Q

which pathway is for fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination and propioception

A

dorsal column tracts

113
Q

which pathway is for touch (anterior), pain and temp (posterior)

A

spinothalamic tract

114
Q

primary sensory neuron is located in the

A

dorsal root ganglia

115
Q

secondary sensory neuron is located in the

A

dorsal horn of same side

116
Q

which neurons have their axons decussate?

A

secondary sensory neuron

upper motor neuron

117
Q

ipsilateral upper motor neuron paralysis (from lesion downward)

A

brown sequard syndrome

118
Q

what is the pathway for white matter in descending corticospinal tract

A

cerebral cortex (upper motor neurons) –> medulla (pyramidal tract) –> lower medulla (pyramidal decussation - cross to contralateral side) –> spinal cord (LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT)

119
Q

what controls voluntary, high skill and fractionated movement?

A

corticospinal tract (descending)

120
Q
  • the corticospinal tract pass through the medulla and most form ___
A

pyramidal decussation

121
Q

what percent of fibers never decussate but still descend in lateral column

A

3%

122
Q

what percent of fibers descend in anterior column on same side and decussate in spinal cord

A

10%

123
Q

This lesion causes flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, no pathological reflexes

A

lower motor neuron lesion

124
Q

this lesion causes spastic paralysis, little or no muscle atrophy, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, pathological reflex (babinski)

A

upper motor neuron lesion

125
Q

what lesion is caused by trauma, toxins, infection, diseases, tumor, etc

A

lower motor neuron lesion

126
Q

what lesion is caused by strokes, infections, tumor, trauma to spinal cord corticospinal tract

A

upper motor neuron lesion

127
Q

voluntary abnormal movement

A

dyskinesia

128
Q

loss of coordination, jerking movements

A

ataxia or asynergy

129
Q

unable to do rapidly alternating movement

A

dysdiadochokinesia

130
Q

What is the visual pathway

A

optic nerve (retina) - 1st order –> optic chiasm (nasal fibers decussate, temporal doesn’t) –> optic tract (nasal and temporal) –> lateral geniculate body - 2nd order –>optic radiation to visual cortex

131
Q

if you injury your optic nerve you will be

A

blind in one eye

132
Q

if you injury your optic chiasm you will develop

A

bitemporal hemianopia

133
Q

steps of how a signal travels through chemical synapse

A
  1. SIGNAL on presnaptic neuron reaches axon terminal
  2. signal trigger Ca++ ION CHANNELS OPEN, Ca++ influx
  3. Elevated Ca++ causes presynaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis, NEUROTRANSMITTERS RELEASED into synaptic cleft
  4. neurotransmitters bind to POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE RECEPTORS. trigger postsynaptic neuron respond (excitatory or inhibitory)
  5. NEUROTRANSMITTERS DESTROYED in cleft or retaken to presynaptic neuron
134
Q

preganglionic sympathetic fibers use what chemical

A

Ach

135
Q

reganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers both use what chemical

A

Ach

136
Q

some sympathetic postganglionic fibers use

A

Ach

137
Q

Neuromuscular junction use

A

Ach

138
Q

the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra causes

A

parkinson’s disease

Ethans SHit (5 decks)

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