Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there off the brain stem
A
12 pairs
2
Q
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there off the spinal cord
A
31 pairs
3
Q
nerves to body surface and skeletal muscles
A
somatic nervous system
4
Q
nerves to internal organs and blood vessels
A
ANS
5
Q
PNS send ________ which give sensory input into the CNS
A
afferent nerve fibers
6
Q
PNS send _____ which give motor input out of CNS
A
efferent nerve fibers
7
Q
Nerve cell body groups in the CNS? PNS?
A
nucleus
ganglion
8
Q
preganglionic fibers are short, postganglionic fibers are long
A
sympathetic
9
Q
preganglionic fibers are long, postganglionic fibers are short
A
parasympathetic
10
Q
what kind of nerve fibers transmit stomach pain into the CNS
A
Autonomic afferent
11
Q
the greater splanchnic nerve is a ___________
A
preganglionic sypathetic nerve
12
Q
- basal ganglia include:
A
caudate putamen globus pallidus red nucleus (of midbrain) substantial nigra (midbrain) sub thalamic nucleus (thalamus)
13
Q
what are the 3 divisions of the brain
A
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
14
Q
what are the major divisions of the spinal cord
A
white matter
grey matter
15
Q
the cerebrum contains what 2 divisions
A
telencephalon
diencephalon
16
Q
the cerebellum contains what divisions?
A
cerebellar cortex
cerebellar nuclei
17
Q
the brainstem is broken into what divisions?
A
midbrain (mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata
18
Q
white and grey matter has what divisions
A
dorsal columns
latereal columns
anterior columns
19
Q
the telencephalon from the cerebrum is divided into
A
cerebral cortex
subcortical white matter
commissures
basal ganglia
20
Q
the diencephalon from the cerebrum is divided into
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
21
Q
hypothalamus is part of the
A
diencephalon
22
Q
substantial nigra is part of the
A
basal ganglia
23
Q
what are the outside structures of the CNS
A
cerebrum cerebellum brain stem spinal cord meninges blood vessels
24
Q
- which is more anterior and in frontal lobe, broca’s area or wernicke’s area?
A
broca’s
25
* which is more anterior, primary motor area or primary sensory area?
primary motor
26
* Which side is broca's area located in the cerebral cortex? right or left?
left
27
* lesions in _______ show inability to use syntactic information and typically understand what is being said, but unable to fluently speak
broca's area
28
* the corresponding area of broca's area on the right frontal lobe controls
emotional overtones to spoken words
29
* What area helps dictate how you say/form words you want to speak
broca's area
30
area where you have trouble understanding language and finding the correct words as if speaking another language. They can still form word sounds, but often what is spoken lack any meaning
wernicke's area damage
31
A woman had a stroke that affected her speech. she gave nonsense answers that had no relationship to questions asked. She could answer questions quick, but made no sense. What area of the brain was damaged?
Wernicke's area within temporal cortex
32
the primary visual cortex is in what region of the brain?
occipital
33
midline portion of the cerebellum is called ____ which separates 2 lateral lobes or cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
34
the surface of the cerebellum has narrow, ridge-like folds called ___, which are oriented transversely
folia
35
* what are the 3 major external divisions of the brain stem from cranial to caudal
midbrain
pons
medulla
36
What CN come off the CNS?
1 & 2
37
what CN come off the midbrain
3, 4,& 5(1)
38
* what CN come off the pons
5(2), 6, 7, 8
| tiny part of 10
39
what CN come off the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12
40
* ___ connects the cerebrum to both medulla and cerebellum
pons
41
* descending fine motor control fibers mostly cross in ______, and small percentage don't cross and go through ______
pyramidal decussation
| anterior corticospinal tract
42
All spinal nerves exit ABOVE their vertebrae until _____ and then the nerves exit below
C7
(spinal nerve C8 exits below C7)
43
* ____ space is a "potential space" that appears between dura mater and outer portion of arachnoid mater
subdural space
44
* What are the 4 major blood vessels that supply blood to the base of the brain and what opening do they go through
2 vertebral arteries (foramen magnum)
| 2 internal carotid arteries (carotid canal --> foramen lacerum)
45
the 4 major blood vessels (2 vertebral, 2 internal carotid) to the brain then travel to the CNS via
3 cerebral arteries
3 cerebellar arteries
3 spinal arteries
46
the 3 cerebral arteries to the brain are
anterior and middle (INTERNAL CAROTID)
| posterior (vertebral)
47
the 3 cerebellar arteries to the brain are
anterior inferior
posterior inferior
superior cerebellar
(All from vertebral)
48
the 3 spinal arteries to the brain are
1 anterior, 2 posterior
| all from vertebral a
49
* which arteries to the CNS are from the internal carotid artery
anterior and MIDDLE cerebral arteries
50
```
which arteries to the CNS are from vertebral arteries
posterior cerebellar (cerebrum)
```
superior, anterioinferior, posterioinferior (cerebellum)
| anterior spinal, 2 posterior spinal (SC)
51
* the _____ and its branches course around the genu of the corpus callous to supply anterior frontal lobe and medial aspect of the hemisphere and extend far to the rear
anterior cerebral artery
52
* the ____ curves around the brain stem, supplying mainly occipital lobe and choroid plexuses of 3rd and lateral ventricles and lower surface of temporal lobe
posterior cerebral artery
53
* the ____ supplies many deep structures and much of the lateral aspect of cerebrum, branches into lateral fissure, over insula, before reaching convexity of the hemisphere
middle cerebral artery
54
the top of the cerebrum supplies the _____ half the body
lower
55
in a stroke affecting the ______, weakness and sensory loss are most severe in the contralateral face and arm and leg may be mildly affected or unaffected
middle cerebral artery
56
in a stroke affecting the ____ weakness is most pronounced in the contralateral leg
anterior cerebral artery
57
unlike systemic veins, ____ have no valves
cerebral veins
58
the venous drainage of the brain and coverings include
veins of brain itself
dural venous sinuses
meningeal veins
diploid veins
59
* drain the deep middle cerebral veins into the cavernous sinuses
sphenoparietal sinuses
60
* this sinus in on either side of the sella turcica
cavernous sinus
61
What is the CSF circulation?
Produced by choroid plexus --> lateral ventricles --> 3rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle --> central canal (subarachnoid space) --> flow out either medial or lateral apertures and return to superior saggital sinus via arachnoid granulations
62
tearing of bridging veins between brain surface and dural sinus is the most frequent cause of
subdural hemorrhage
63
who are at the greatest risk for a subdural hemorrhage
aged adults and children
64
bleeding from a torn meningeal vessel (usually an artery) may lead to a
epidural hemorrhage
65
where the internal carotid drains into the cavernous sinus and jugular vein, causing ischemia in the cerebral arteries
carotid-cavernous fistula
66
what are the structures of the CNS inside grey and white matter
```
basal ganglia
diencephalon
brain stem nuclei
spinal cord
ventricles
```
67
the cell bodies are located in white or grey matter?
grey matter
68
fibers such as axons or dendrites are located in white or grey matter?
white matter
69
what is the only ganglion in the CNS
basal banglia
70
* associated with voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism (clench or grind teeth), eye movements and cognitive, emotional functions
basal ganglia
71
* what are the parts of the basal ganglia?
thalamus
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
72
what processes memory and emotional reactions deep with the temporal lobe
amygdala
73
* ____ are myelinated fibers that separate thalamus and caudate nucleus from putamen and globes pallidus nuclei.
internal capsule
74
internal capsule myelinated fibers are part of what 2 tracts
corticospinal
| corticobulbar
75
the globus pallidus and putamen nuclei together are called
lenticular nuclei
76
the caudate nucleus contains _____, which are chemicals that produce a positive emotional state
endorphins
77
____ infarcts of the posterior capsule can cause either pure motor or sensory deficits
lacunar
78
* defects in function of the _____, causes changes in muscle tone, weak voluntary muscle movement (akinesia) or abnormally slow movements (bradykinesia), or involuntary, abnormal movement (dyskinesia)
basal ganglia
79
* loss of normal motor function resulting in impaired muscle movement
akinesia
80
* slow movement
bradykinesia
81
* impaired ability to make voluntary movements, characterized by spasmodic or repetitive motions or lack of coordination
dyskinesia
82
disease characterized by debilitating abnormal movements and cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction
huntington's disease
83
the pathology of Huntington's includes striking loss of neurons in the ___ and ___ of basal ganglia
caudate and putamen
84
** the most common nervous system disorders of the elderly
Parkinson's disease
85
Parkinson's is characterized by a triad of symptoms such as
tremor
rigidity
akinesia/bradykinesisa
balance problems
86
parkinson's is the loss of neurons in the _____.
substantia nigra
87
the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra causes
parkinson's disease
88
Loss of GABA-ergic (inhibitory) neurons in the corpus striatum results in the chorea of
huntington's disease
89
what are the components of the diencephalon (all bilateral)
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
90
the pituitary gland is controlled by the
hypothalamus
91
what hormones are made in the anterior (adenohypophysis) pituitary gland
```
LPH
ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
growth hormone
prolactin
```
92
* what hormones are made in the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary gland
oxytocin
| vasopressin (ADH)
93
does the anterior or posterior pituitary release hormones from the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
94
what hormone is made in the hypothalamus
GRH
95
ADH is produced by neurons located in the
diencephalon (hypothalamus)
96
what CN are located in the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12
97
_____ has ventral, dorsal and lateral horns and ____ has ventral, dorsal and lateral columns
grey
| white
98
* the lateral ventricles are located within the
telencephalon
99
* the third ventricle is between 2 halves of the
diencephalon
100
* the fourth ventricle is within the ___ and has 3 openings to the outside of the brain
brain stem
101
a tuft of hair develops over a region of the spine
spinal bifida
102
where does spinal bifida typically occur
lower lumbar or sacral region (can be cervical)
103
a protruding of the meninges posteriorly and typically occur in lumbosacral region
meningocele
104
protrusion of spinal cord along with CSF and meninges from vertebral canal
myelomeningocele
105
more than__% of disk herniation occurs at C6/7; L4/5 ; L5/S1
90
106
which type of spinal cord defect is least likely to cause loss of spinal cord function?
spinal bifida occulata
107
what 2 spinal cord defects is most likely to result in paraplegia
spina bifida and rachichisis
108
sensory neurons via dorsal column tracts provide what
sensation of fine touch
vibration
2 point discrimination
proprioception
109
what is the somatosensory pathway in dorsal column?
1. DRG --> spinal cord via dorsal root --> fasciculus gracilis (medial) --> fasciculus cuneatus (lateral) -->
2. lower medulla in gracile and cuneate nuclei --> cross over via lemniscal decussation --> ascend to thalamus-->
3. ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei --> cerebral sensory cortex
110
what is the spinothalamic tract?
1. DRG --> spinal cord via dorsal root --> forms lissauer's tract and ascend ipsilateral 2 segments -->
2. synapse with dorsal horn neurons (*2 spinal segments above) --> cross to opposite side to form anterior (light touch) and lateral (pain and temp) spinothalamic tract -->
3. thalamus -->somatosensory cerebral cortex
111
which order neuron is the only one to cross over in dorsal column pathway
secondary neuron
112
which pathway is for fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination and propioception
dorsal column tracts
113
which pathway is for touch (anterior), pain and temp (posterior)
spinothalamic tract
114
primary sensory neuron is located in the
dorsal root ganglia
115
secondary sensory neuron is located in the
dorsal horn of same side
116
which neurons have their axons decussate?
secondary sensory neuron
| upper motor neuron
117
ipsilateral upper motor neuron paralysis (from lesion downward)
brown sequard syndrome
118
what is the pathway for white matter in descending corticospinal tract
cerebral cortex (upper motor neurons) --> medulla (pyramidal tract) --> lower medulla (pyramidal decussation - cross to contralateral side) --> spinal cord (LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT)
119
what controls voluntary, high skill and fractionated movement?
corticospinal tract (descending)
120
* the corticospinal tract pass through the medulla and most form ___
pyramidal decussation
121
what percent of fibers never decussate but still descend in lateral column
3%
122
what percent of fibers descend in anterior column on same side and decussate in spinal cord
10%
123
This lesion causes flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, no pathological reflexes
lower motor neuron lesion
124
this lesion causes spastic paralysis, little or no muscle atrophy, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, pathological reflex (babinski)
upper motor neuron lesion
125
what lesion is caused by trauma, toxins, infection, diseases, tumor, etc
lower motor neuron lesion
126
what lesion is caused by strokes, infections, tumor, trauma to spinal cord corticospinal tract
upper motor neuron lesion
127
voluntary abnormal movement
dyskinesia
128
loss of coordination, jerking movements
ataxia or asynergy
129
unable to do rapidly alternating movement
dysdiadochokinesia
130
What is the visual pathway
optic nerve (retina) - 1st order --> optic chiasm (nasal fibers decussate, temporal doesn't) --> optic tract (nasal and temporal) --> lateral geniculate body - 2nd order -->optic radiation to visual cortex
131
if you injury your optic nerve you will be
blind in one eye
132
if you injury your optic chiasm you will develop
bitemporal hemianopia
133
steps of how a signal travels through chemical synapse
1. SIGNAL on presnaptic neuron reaches axon terminal
2. signal trigger Ca++ ION CHANNELS OPEN, Ca++ influx
3. Elevated Ca++ causes presynaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis, NEUROTRANSMITTERS RELEASED into synaptic cleft
4. neurotransmitters bind to POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE RECEPTORS. trigger postsynaptic neuron respond (excitatory or inhibitory)
5. NEUROTRANSMITTERS DESTROYED in cleft or retaken to presynaptic neuron
134
preganglionic sympathetic fibers use what chemical
Ach
135
reganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers both use what chemical
Ach
136
some sympathetic postganglionic fibers use
Ach
137
Neuromuscular junction use
Ach
138
the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra causes
parkinson's disease
