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Human Neuropsychology 1 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does Rostral mean

A

Nose

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2
Q

What is Caudal

A

Tail

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3
Q

What is Dorsal

A

Back

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4
Q

Coronal Plane

A

XY plane

This of the halo crown on Jesus’s head in paintings, splits the head from ear to ear

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5
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

XZ plane, cuts the head horizontal to the floor

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6
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

YZ plane, splits the head through the nose. Think “sage= wise” it goes through the third eye.

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7
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons

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8
Q

Concentration of cell bodies on the CNS

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Ganglion

A

concentration of cell bodies in the PNS

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10
Q

Tract

A

Concentration on axons in the CNS

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11
Q

Concentration of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

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12
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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14
Q

Bilateral

A

on both sides

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15
Q

Proximal

A

close to

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16
Q

Diatal

A

far away from

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17
Q

Decussation

A

Axons that project to the contralateral side

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18
Q

Hemidecussation

A

half of the neurons cross over the contralateral side

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19
Q

Motor nerves that are directed away from the brain

A

Efferent Nerves

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20
Q

Sensory nerves that are directed towards the brain

A

Afferent nerves

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21
Q

Fissure

A

A cleft (in the cortex, one that is deep enough to indent the ventricles)

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22
Q

A shallow cleft

A

Sulcus (plural: Sulci)

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23
Q

Gyrus (plural: gyri)

A

A ridge

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24
Q

What two sub systems make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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25
Q

Which two sub-systems are in the Autonomic Nervous system?

A

Sympathetic system

Parasympathetic system

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26
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?

A

Afferent and Efferent connections via cranial and spinal nerves

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27
Q

What is the meninges?

A

3 layers of tissue between the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the bony cavities (skull and vertebral columns) that contain them

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28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges starting from closest to the skull to closest to the brain

A 
Dura mater (a tough skin like coating) 
Arachnoid Space (containing blood vessels and lymphatic structures) 
Pia Mater (a delicate membrane) 
"PAD"
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29
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and where are they

A

Ependymal cells in the ventricles

30
Q

Neurocranium

A

Where the brain is house in the posterior skull

31
Q

What are the holes in the skull called that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through?

A

Foramina

32
Q

What is the large hole at the base of the skull, what is it for?

A

Foramen Magnum, it allows for space for the spinal cord to connect to the brain stem, and it is where the blood vessels to the brain enter

33
Q

There are 3 Fossae in the brain, what are they and what are their names

A

They are contours in the skull, their names are:
Posterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa

34
Q

Cribriform plate

A

A grove in the brain by the nose that has lots of holes in it that allows for olfactory nerves to pass through

35
Q

What are the names of the 3 arteries to the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

36
Q

Circle of Willis

A

A “circle” where the arteries in the brain meet that allows for communication between the left and right side of the neck arteries

37
Q

Parenchymal Blood Supply

A

Blood supply to the brain. It There are the left and right carotid arteries, and the left and right vertebral arteries.

38
Q

Blood Supply to the Meninges

A

Blood to the Dura region.

Anterior, middle and posterior arteries that irrigate their corresponding fossa

39
Q

The Telencephalon and the Diencephalon make up which section of the brain?

A

Forebrain

40
Q

the Mesencephalon is what section of the brain?

A

Midbrain

41
Q

What are the two subsections to the hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

42
Q

What 4 parts make up the Telencephalon?

A

Cerebral Cortex (neocortex)
Subcortical white matter
Basal Ganglia
Basal forebrain nuclei

43
Q

Neocortex (cerebral cortex)

A
  • Most recently evolved
  • 80% of the brain
  • two hemispheres
44
Q

What receives and accepts info directly from the outside?

A

Primary cortex

45
Q

Secondary Cortex

A

Not directly connected to the senses, but they are connected to the primary cortex and get info from there

46
Q

Tertiary Cortex

A

Receives no actual info from outside, rather this is where associations are made and where we think

47
Q

What are the 3 components of the basal ganglia?

A

Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Caudate nucleus

48
Q

What function does the Basal Ganglia have?

A
  • Supports stimulus-response learning
  • Functions in sequencing movements
  • controls muscle force in movement production
49
Q

Which 4 structures make up the Limbic System?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Septum
Cingulate Cortex

50
Q

The part of the brain responsible for emotions and species-typical behaviours

A

Amygdala

51
Q

Region for memory and spatial navigation

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

What does the Septum do?

A

Emotion and species-typical behaviour

53
Q

The Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and the Thalamus make up which section of the brain?

A

Diencephalon

54
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A
  • interacts with the Pituitary gland

- Participates in nearly all aspects of motivated behaviour

55
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A
  • relays sensory info to appropriate targets
  • relays info between cortical areas
  • relays info between forebrain and brainstem
56
Q

What is the the subsection of the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

57
Q

Tectum

A

Ceiling, inferior and superior colliculi

58
Q

Tegmentum

A

Covering or midbrain floor

Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

59
Q

What are the brain regions in the Mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

Red Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Peri-acqueductal gray matter

60
Q

What does the red nucleus do?

A

Limb movement

61
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

reward and initiation of movement

62
Q

Peri-acqueductal gray matter does what?

A

Species typical behaviour

Modulating pain response

63
Q

What is the Cerebral Peduncles?

A

The fibre tracts connecting the cortex, cerebellum and the spinal cord

64
Q

In the mid brain, the superior colliculus receives what type of input?

A

Visual

65
Q

In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus receives what type of input?

A

Auditory

66
Q

What are the two subsections of the hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

67
Q

What are the brain regions in the Metencephanon? Is it forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Hindbrain

68
Q

What is the brain region in the Myelencephalon? What does it do?

A

Medulla Oblongata

It controls cardiac and respiratory functions, and reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing and coughing

69
Q

What gives Pons its name?

A

It is the “bridge” that connects the cortex and cerebellum

70
Q

What is the Cerebellum

A

It is involved in sensorimotor integration

Coordinates and helps learn skilled movements (muscle memory)

71
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Maintains general arousal

72
Q

What brain regions control waking, sleeping and locomotion?

A

Pons and Medulla

Human Neuropsychology 1 (3 decks)

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