Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What does Rostral mean
Nose
What is Caudal
Tail
What is Dorsal
Back
Coronal Plane
XY plane
This of the halo crown on Jesus’s head in paintings, splits the head from ear to ear
Horizontal Plane
XZ plane, cuts the head horizontal to the floor
Sagittal Plane
YZ plane, splits the head through the nose. Think “sage= wise” it goes through the third eye.
White matter
Myelinated axons
Concentration of cell bodies on the CNS
Nucleus
Ganglion
concentration of cell bodies in the PNS
Tract
Concentration on axons in the CNS
Concentration of axons in the PNS
Nerve
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Contralateral
on the opposite side
Bilateral
on both sides
Proximal
close to
Diatal
far away from
Decussation
Axons that project to the contralateral side
Hemidecussation
half of the neurons cross over the contralateral side
Motor nerves that are directed away from the brain
Efferent Nerves
Sensory nerves that are directed towards the brain
Afferent nerves
Fissure
A cleft (in the cortex, one that is deep enough to indent the ventricles)
A shallow cleft
Sulcus (plural: Sulci)
Gyrus (plural: gyri)
A ridge
What two sub systems make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Which two sub-systems are in the Autonomic Nervous system?
Sympathetic system
Parasympathetic system
What is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?
Afferent and Efferent connections via cranial and spinal nerves
What is the meninges?
3 layers of tissue between the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the bony cavities (skull and vertebral columns) that contain them
What are the 3 layers of the meninges starting from closest to the skull to closest to the brain
Dura mater (a tough skin like coating) Arachnoid Space (containing blood vessels and lymphatic structures) Pia Mater (a delicate membrane) "PAD"
What is the name of the cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and where are they
Ependymal cells in the ventricles
Neurocranium
Where the brain is house in the posterior skull
What are the holes in the skull called that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through?
Foramina
What is the large hole at the base of the skull, what is it for?
Foramen Magnum, it allows for space for the spinal cord to connect to the brain stem, and it is where the blood vessels to the brain enter
There are 3 Fossae in the brain, what are they and what are their names
They are contours in the skull, their names are:
Posterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa
Cribriform plate
A grove in the brain by the nose that has lots of holes in it that allows for olfactory nerves to pass through
What are the names of the 3 arteries to the brain?
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Circle of Willis
A “circle” where the arteries in the brain meet that allows for communication between the left and right side of the neck arteries
Parenchymal Blood Supply
Blood supply to the brain. It There are the left and right carotid arteries, and the left and right vertebral arteries.
Blood Supply to the Meninges
Blood to the Dura region.
Anterior, middle and posterior arteries that irrigate their corresponding fossa
The Telencephalon and the Diencephalon make up which section of the brain?
Forebrain
the Mesencephalon is what section of the brain?
Midbrain
What are the two subsections to the hindbrain?
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
What 4 parts make up the Telencephalon?
Cerebral Cortex (neocortex)
Subcortical white matter
Basal Ganglia
Basal forebrain nuclei
Neocortex (cerebral cortex)
- Most recently evolved
- 80% of the brain
- two hemispheres
What receives and accepts info directly from the outside?
Primary cortex
Secondary Cortex
Not directly connected to the senses, but they are connected to the primary cortex and get info from there
Tertiary Cortex
Receives no actual info from outside, rather this is where associations are made and where we think
What are the 3 components of the basal ganglia?
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Caudate nucleus
What function does the Basal Ganglia have?
- Supports stimulus-response learning
- Functions in sequencing movements
- controls muscle force in movement production
Which 4 structures make up the Limbic System?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Septum
Cingulate Cortex
The part of the brain responsible for emotions and species-typical behaviours
Amygdala
Region for memory and spatial navigation
Hippocampus
What does the Septum do?
Emotion and species-typical behaviour
The Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and the Thalamus make up which section of the brain?
Diencephalon
What does the Hypothalamus do?
- interacts with the Pituitary gland
- Participates in nearly all aspects of motivated behaviour
What does the Thalamus do?
- relays sensory info to appropriate targets
- relays info between cortical areas
- relays info between forebrain and brainstem
What is the the subsection of the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
Tectum
Ceiling, inferior and superior colliculi
Tegmentum
Covering or midbrain floor
Surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
What are the brain regions in the Mesencephalon (midbrain)?
Red Nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Peri-acqueductal gray matter
What does the red nucleus do?
Limb movement
What is the substantia nigra?
reward and initiation of movement
Peri-acqueductal gray matter does what?
Species typical behaviour
Modulating pain response
What is the Cerebral Peduncles?
The fibre tracts connecting the cortex, cerebellum and the spinal cord
In the mid brain, the superior colliculus receives what type of input?
Visual
In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus receives what type of input?
Auditory
What are the two subsections of the hindbrain?
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
What are the brain regions in the Metencephanon? Is it forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain?
Pons
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
What is the brain region in the Myelencephalon? What does it do?
Medulla Oblongata
It controls cardiac and respiratory functions, and reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing and coughing
What gives Pons its name?
It is the “bridge” that connects the cortex and cerebellum
What is the Cerebellum
It is involved in sensorimotor integration
Coordinates and helps learn skilled movements (muscle memory)
Reticular Formation
Maintains general arousal
What brain regions control waking, sleeping and locomotion?
Pons and Medulla
