Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Name the developmental sequence of the brain/brainstem from rostral to caudal?
Telenchepalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
From which developmental region does the thalamus,hypothalamus, and third ventricle originate from?
Diencephalon
Which two structures come from the metencephalon?
Pons, cerebellum, and part of the fourth ventricle
The cerebral cortex is ______ matter on the surface of the cerebrum. It contains ______ cell bodies.
Gray
Neuron
White matter makes up the __________ which is part of the cerebrum and has tracts from thalamus and to the brainstem.
Internal capsule
What are the three main regions of the cerebral cortex?
Neocortex
Paleocortex
Archicortex
In which part of the cerebral cortex is the limbic system located?
Archicortex
The paleocortex contains contributed to _______ function.
Olfactory
Which part of the cerebral cortex is only found in mammals?
Neocortex
The largest part of the cerebral cortex is the _______.
Neocortex
T or F: Unconscious perception of sensory input involves the cerebral cortex.
False: conscious
What is the function of the basal nuclei and where is it located?
It regulates movement and is located deep in the cerebrum.
Function of occipital lobe.
Conscious perception of visual field
Function of frontal lobe. What is the part called that is for the controlling of planning and initiation of movement? What about for the perception of auditory information?
- Voluntary motor functions
- Behavior
Sensorimotor complex
Auditory cortex
The somatosensory cortex is located in the _____ lobe of the cerebrum.
Parietal
If there is a lesion in the sensorimotor complex of the frontal lobe, what clinical sign will we see?
Delay of movement initiation
Unilateral damage of the frontal lobe will cause _______ clinical signs.
Contralateral
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for perception of olfactory information and contains the limbic system?
Piriform
If there is a lesion in piriform lobe, what will we observe?
Loss or reduced of sense of smell ( anosmia)
Before conscience sensory (except olfaction) input enters the cerebrum, it must go through the _______.
Thalamus
What is the part of the thalamus called that “wakes” up the cerebral cortex?
Reticular activating system (RAS)
What three arteries supply the cerebrum? What is different in the cat, pig, and ruminant?
Basilar a.
Vertebral a.
Internal carotid a.
Rete mirabile in place of the internal carotid a.
Which arteries complete the cerebral arterial circle?
Rostral cerebral aa.
Rostral communicating aa.
Caudal communicating aa.
The rostral, middle, caudal cerebral aa. and the rostral cerebellar aa. supply the ______ and the _______.
Cerebrum and cerebellum
Which two arteries supply the cerebellum and the inner ear structures?
Labyrinthe a.
Caudal cerebellar a.
Which two arteries supply the rete mirabile ?
Maxillary a.
Occipital a.
What do the dorsal sinuses collect? What are the names of the two main dorsal sinuses in the brain?
CSF and venous blood
Dorsal sagittal sinus
Transverse sinus
Primary blood supply to the spinal cord is via_______ aa.while secondary is via _________ aa.
Ventral spinal
Dorsal
This is at risk to puncturing when doing a CSF tap and it is carrying venous blood.
Internal vertebral venous plexus
What are the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli’s purpose and what are they made of?
Separate different parts of brain to provide support during movement..made of dura.
What is a cisterni?
Regions of dilations of subarachnoid space that can be used CSF collection (cerebellomedullary cistern)
The vermis and the caudal lobe of the cerebellum are responsible for regulation of ___________.
Skilled movements and coordination
Which parts of the cerebellum play a role in postural tone and spinal cord function?
Vermis and rostral lobe
What part of the cerebellum regulates equilibrium in collaboration with the vestibular system?
The flocculonodular lobe
The main function of the cerebellum is to determine ________, _________, and __________ of movements with influence of UMN.
rate, range and force
T/F: The cerebellum is not responsible for initiating movement.
TRUE!
What can a precocial species do that altricial species can’t?
Soon after being born, they can stand up. This is because the cerebellum is more development at the time of birth.
Match each clinical sign with the appropriate type of ataxia.
- Vestibular ataxia A. Rate, range, force
- Proprioceptive ataxia B. Head and body tilt
- Cerebellar ataxia C. Knuckling over
- C
- B
- A
Dysmetria
The inability to judge distance or fully understand force of movements, unable to regulate rate or range of movements.
An over measurement of gait response is know as _________.
Hypermetria
Opisthotonus
Decerebellate posture with extended neck/thoracic limbs with flexed hips ( sign of cerebellar disease)
When an animal is born with cerebellar abiotrophy, what can we expect to observe?
Will act normal at first, but progressive ataxia will become apparent.
Which cerebellar peduncles contain mainly afferent processes projecting to the cerebellum?
Caudal and Middle(entirely afferent)
The rostral cerebellar peduncles contain mainly ________ processes that connect the cerebellum to the _________.
efferent
mesencephalon (mid-brain)
If an animal has cerebellar disease we would expect to see what clinical signs?
Ataxia
NO loss function and NO paresis or paralysis
On the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord, we have the dorsal median ______ and on the ventral aspect, we have the ventral median _______.
Sulcus
Fissure
Cervical spinal nerves emerge _________ to their corresponding cervical vertebrae, but __________ to their corresponding thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Cranial
Caudal
What is so important about the sacral foramina?
It contains dorsal and pelvic foramina where the first two sacral nerves in the dog emerge.
Where would you want to extract CSF in relation to the conus medullaris?
Caudal, DON’T WANT TO PUNCTURE THAT CORD YOOO!!!
Horns=_________ matter
Funiculus=________matter
Grey
White
In which funiculi do motor commands pass through to the target oregon?
Ventral and interior lateral
The dorsal and exterior lateral funiculi of white matter generally have what type of tracts?
Sensory
Somatotopy
Point for point correspondence of a specific body part to a specific region of the CNS.
In the white matter funiculi, going from medial to lateral, what body parts are represented?
Leg-Hip-Trunk-Arm (Distal to proximal/Distal to proximal)
In the gray matter hornes, going from medial to later, what body parts are represented?
Trunk-shoulders-arm-forearm-hand ( proximal to distal)
Proprioception
Ability to sense stimuli in relation to position , motion and equilibrium
C1-C5
Cranial Cervical region
Cervicothoracic region
C6-T2
T3-L3
Thoracolumbar region
L4-S2
Lumbosacral region
Sacral region
S1-S3
Cd1-Cd5
Caudal region
Which nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
Suprascapular n.
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis m.
Which nerve innervates the deltoideus, teres major, teres minor, and subscapularis?
Axillary n.
What does the radial nerve innervate?
Triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, ulnaris lateralis, common digital extensor, and the lateral digital extensor mm.
The flexor carpi ulnaris and superficial/deep digital flexors are innervated by the _________ nerve.
Median
What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?
Flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor muscles
The flexor reflex in the thoracic limb involves which nerves for motor?
Musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, median and axillary
Only the musculocutaneous nerve is involved with the _______reflex.
Biceps
The triceps reflex involves which nerve?
Radial
Which nerve innervates the iliopsoas, quadriceps, and sartorius mm.?
Femoral n.
Which muscles does the obturator nerve innervate?
External obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor mm.
The cranial gluteal innervates the ______ and _______gluteal muscles, along with the _________ m.
Middle
Deep
Tensor fascia lata
The superficial gluteal muscles is innervated by the ________ n.
Caudal
Which nerve innervates biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus mm.?
Sciatic n.
Which muscles does the tibial nerve innervate?
Gastrocnemius, popliteus, superficial digital flexor, and deep digital flexor mm.
Which nerve innervates the fibularis longus. lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor, and cranial tibial mm.?
Common peroneal (fibular) n.
The perineal reflex is controlled by the ________ n.
Pudendal
The femoral nerve controls the ________reflex?
Patellar
The flexor reflex of the pelvic limb is controlled by the ________ n.
Sciatic
Which nerve controls the external anal sphincter?
Caudal rectal n.
What prevents “clonus” of a reflex?
The upper motor neurons inhibit the lower motor neurons
When conducting a test on the panniculus reflex you are looking for lesions on the _______ segments of the spinal cord and the _________n.
C8 and T1
Lateral thoracic
If contralateral extensor inhibition by the UMN is occurring during a withdrawal/crossed extensor reflex, this would be a _________ response.
Normal
T/F: You always test for deep pain even if the superficial pain is in tact.
False: If superficial pain is there, deep pain is definitely there
T/F: It is possible to have an absent withdrawal reflex and have a normal pain reaction.
True:Could be a lesion in the afferent somatic neuron
UMN that are located in the cerebral motor cortex that synapse directly onto LMN’s in the spinal cord. What is this called and in what species can these pathways be found?
Pyramidal pathways
Primates
An extrapyramidal pathway is found in _________ species and involves _________ which connect UMN and LMN to influence whole limb movements.
domestic
interneurons
Do special somatic efferent neurons exist?….man??
NOPE NOPE NOPE
Damage to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ motor systems produces decreased (paretic) or absent (paralyzed) voluntary movements of the fine motor (mostly flexor) systems caudal to the site of damage.
Dorsal Lateral
Damage to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ motor system produces decreased (paretic) or absent (paralyzed) voluntary movements of the whole limb (mostly extensor) systems caudal to the site of damage
Ventro Medial
