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Gross Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What causes cauda equina syndrome?

A

lumbosacral stenosis causing impingement of the cauda equina

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2
Q

What is the conus medulliaris?

A

The narrowing/tapering of the spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the clinical significance of the conus medulliaris?

A

This is where you would obtain CSF fluid. Want to puncture caudal to this in order to prevent puncturing of the spinal cord.

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4
Q

Where is the location of the gray and white matter in spinal cord in comparison to the cerebral cortex?

A

The white matter is on the exterior and the gray matter in the interior of the spinal cord. It is the opposite int he cerebral cortex.

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5
Q

What type of neuronal cell bodies are found within the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Somatic (medial) and visceral (lateral) afferent neuron cell bodies and interneurons

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6
Q

what type of neurons cell bodies are found in the ventral root ganglia?

A

efferent (motor) neurons. Somatic on the medial side and the visceral efferent on the lateral side of the ventral root ganglia.

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7
Q

Regions of the white matter are referenced as _____ and ____ are located within it.

A

Funiculi, specific tracts

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8
Q

What are the specific tracts located within the funiculi

A

Fasciculus cutaneous and fasciculus gracilis

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9
Q

Ascending tracts transport what kind of information and where is it located within the white matter?

A

Sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain. Located in the dorsal and lateral funiculi

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10
Q

Descending tracts transport what type of information and where is its location within the white matter?

A

Transports motor information from the brain to the spinal cord. It is located within the ventral and lateral funiculi.

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11
Q

If we have a compression on the spine in what order will we lose these functions - superficial pain, deep pain, general proprioception and voluntary motor?

A
  1. General proprioception 2. Voluntary motor

3. Superficial pain 4. Deep pain

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12
Q

What are the six functional divisions of the spinal cord?

A

Cranialcervical region, Cervicothoracic region, thoracolumbar region, lumbosacral region, sacral region, caudal region.

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13
Q

Cranial cervical region C1-C5 innervates what regions?

A

innervation to axial muscles and skin of the cranial cervical region.

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14
Q

Cervicothoracic region C6-T2 innervates what regions?

A

Here is the cervical intumescence that supplies the brachial plexus.
Innervates regional axial muscles and skin
innervation of thoracic limb muscles and skin
Sympathetic innervation to head and eye T1-T3

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15
Q

Thoracolumbar region T3-L3 innervates what regions?

A

Regional muscles and skin. contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

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16
Q

Lumbosacral region L4-S2 innervates what regions?

A

Lumbar intumescence in this area that supplies the lumbosacral plexus. Innervation of the muscles of the pelvic limb. Partial supply to the bladder and perineum.

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17
Q

Sacral region S1-S3 innervation

A

perineum and external anal sphincter. Parasympathetic innervation to the viscera of the pelvis and urinary bladder.
axons from S1-S2 contribute to sciatic nerve

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18
Q

Caudal Region Cd1-5

A

innervation of the muscles and skin of the tail.

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19
Q

What is the difference between a reflex and a response?

A

A reflex is unconscious and occurs at the level of the spinal cord and a response is voluntary and occurs at the level of the cortex

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20
Q

what components are needed for an intact reflex arc?

A

sensory receptor, afferent and efferent neuron, interneuron, effector organ and spinal cord segment.

21
Q

Is a reflex arc segmental or intersegmental?

A

Can be both

22
Q

What are the two major conscious proprioceptive pathways?

A
  1. Fasciculus gracilis - Transmits sensory from lower body. Medially located within the funiculus.
  2. Fasciculus cutaneous - transmits info from the upper body. laterally located within the dorsal finiculus.
23
Q

Hyper-reflexive state or clonus is associated with which disorder?

A

UMN

24
Q

Cutaneous trunci/panniculus reflex is helpful in location lesions in what areas of the spinal cord?

A

C8-T1

25
Q

What is the difference between a monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex?

A

difference between one or 2 reflexes going on.

26
Q

What could be the cause of a cross extensor reflex when the patient is recumbent?

A

Afferent info is not being sent to the brain in regards to body position.
Efferents of UMN are not able to reach LMN area to regulate reflex.

27
Q

lack of a perineal reflex is indicative if what kind of injury?

A

Lesion/injury to S1-S3 or damage to the pudendal n. afferent or efferent.

28
Q

Afferent and efferent for palpebral response?

A

Afferent: maxillary n CN V (lateral canthus)
ophthalmic n CV (medial canthus)
Efferent: CN VII Facial n.

29
Q

T or F menace response is a reflex?

A

F. It is conscious proprioception.

30
Q

While testing superficial pain response there is withdrawal of the limb. Is this indicative of pain?

A

N. Withdrawal is a spinal reflex. Pain requires brain integration.

31
Q

How do you test for deep pain?

A

Pinching the periosteum of bone. Need more force so tha you are not just eliciting a superficial pain response. You want to test cranial to the area.

32
Q

If there is no deep pain that means there is what injury?

A

severe spinal injury

33
Q

Do you test for deep pain if superficial pain is intact?

A

NO. Superficial pain must be lost before deep pain.

34
Q

Can you still have a normal deep pain reaction with an absent withdrawal reflex?

A

Yes. The lesion could be affecting the somatic efferent neurons while the afferent neurons, interneurons and nocioceptive pathways remain intact.

35
Q

Complete loss of a reflex pathway - UMN or LMN?

A

LMN - critical in reflex pathway and a complete loss is indicative of a LMN disorder.

36
Q

Is inappropriate reflexes a UMN or LMN disorder?

A

UMN disorder - they regulate reflex pathways

37
Q

What are they two pathways that UMN can use to synapse on LMN? Why is the primary pathway of domestic species?

A

Pyramidal pathway –> UMN synapase directly on LMN.
extrapyramidal pathway –>UMN synapse on interneuron which synapses on LMN within spinal cord
Extrapyramidal is primary pathway.

38
Q

What are the functions of UMN?

A

Initiation of movement, maintenance of muscle tone and posture regulation.

39
Q

A lesion in UMN can cause a hypertonia (spasticity). How does this happen?

A

the lesion results in the release of inhibition of the extensor muscles.

40
Q

Loss of UMN in the LMN can cause what changes to the spinal reflex?

A

the reflex can still occur but it may be amplified or abnormal.

41
Q

Is UMN or LMN necessary component for reflex pathways?

A

LMN

42
Q

Loss of UMN regulation can result in paresis or complete paralysis?

A

Paresis (muscle weakness)

loss of LMN can result in paralysis

43
Q

The ventromedial motor systems within the gray matter of the spinal cord regulates what kinds of movements?

A

Proximal muscles, whole limb movements, posture and balance, primarily extensors

44
Q

The dorsolateral motor systems with the gray matter of the spinal cord coordinates what movements?

A

Distal muscles, fine movements, primarily flexors.

45
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the dorsolateral motor systems?

A

paresis or paralysis of voluntary movements of fine motor systems caudal to the site of damage.

46
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the ventromedial motor system?

A

paresis or paralysis of voluntary movements of the whole limb (mostly extensor) systems caudal to the site of damage.

47
Q

What signs would you see if there was damage to the afferent pathways?

A

The sensory information will not be able to get to the brain. Decreased - absent proprioception, nociception, and tactile sensation. Ataxia may also be seen.

48
Q

Where will you observe an UMN signs if there is a lesion/injury?

A

Caudal to the lesion/injury

49
Q

Where will you observe an LMN sign if there is an injury/lesion?

A

At the site of the lesion

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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