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Anatomy > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the leptomeninx?

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

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2
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

The neocortex is the most developed of the cerebral tissues.

The neocortex is made up of six layers, labelled from the outermost inwards, I to VI. In humans, the neocortex is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and language. There are two types of cortex in the neocortex – the true isocortex and the proisocortex.

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3
Q

What is the allocortex?

A

The allocortex is one of the two types of cerebral cortex, the other being the neocortex. It is characterized by having just three or four cell layers, in contrast with the six layers of the neocortex, and takes up a much smaller area than the neocortex. There are three subtypes of allocortex: the paleocortex, the archicortex, and the periallocortex – a transitional zone between the neocortex and the allocortex.

The specific regions of the brain usually described as belonging to the allocortex are the olfactory system, and the hippocampus.

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4
Q

Sylvian fissure is also known as?

A

Lateral sulcus

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5
Q

Septum pellucidum does what?

A

Separates the left and right lateral ventricle. Ependymal cells. Embryological reminant. No apparent function in adult life.

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6
Q

Facial colliculus is formed by?

A

The loop of facial nerve aroud the abducent nucleus.

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7
Q

Which nerve(s) orign from the preolivary sulcus?

A

Hypoglossal n.

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8
Q

Which nerve(s) orign from the retroolivary sulcus?

A

Vagus, accessory and glossopharyngeal nerve.

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9
Q

Anterior and posterior tegmental deccusation is associated with?

A

Anterior: Rubrospinal tract
Posterior: Tectospinal tract

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10
Q

At which level in the brainstem does the fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle deccusate?

A

At the level of inferior colliculus.

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11
Q

Nervus intermedius: Content

A

Contain gustatory and parasympathetic fibers for the facial nerve)

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12
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus innervate what?

A

Ciliary ganglion which innervate ciliaris and sphincter pupillae

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13
Q

Superior salivatory nucleus innervate what?

A

Pterygopalatine (lactimal gland) and submandibular ganglion (submandibilar and sublingual gland)

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14
Q

Inferior salivatory nucleus innervate?

A

Otic ganglion (parotid gland) via glossopharyngeal nerve

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15
Q

Posterior nucleus of vagus innervate?

A

Preganglionic fibers of vagus for the ganglia of the neck, thorax and abdomen. Synaptic interconnections and parasympathetic innervation of internal organs as far as the Cannon-Bohm point (between midgut and hindgut)

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16
Q

What is the type and function of the solitary nucleus?

A

Afferent vicerosensory nucleus. Superior and inferior part. Sensory from internal organs via the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve.

Gustatory information to the gustatory nucleus from the palate, fauces and soft palate via vagus, facial and glossopharyngeal nerve.

Cells along the length of the NTS are arranged roughly in accordance with function; for instance, cells involved in taste are located in the higher, more forward (“rostral”) part, while those regulating cardio-respiratory and gastrointestinal processes are found in the lower, more posterior (“caudal”) part. “Gustatory vs. cardiorespiratory nucleus”.

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17
Q

Tuber cinereum: what is it and where can it be found?

A

The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.

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18
Q

Periaqueductal gray is particulary important in?

A

Modulation of pain. Primary control center for descending pain modulation. It has enkephalin-producing cells that suppress pain.

The periaqueductal grey matter is the grey matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, and also contains descending autonomic tracts. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract (so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the PAG, in the mesencephalon or midbrain).

Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons that project to the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. 5-HT (serotonin) released from the raphe nuclei descends to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it forms excitatory connections with the “inhibitory interneurons” located in Laminae II (aka the substantia gelatinosa). When activated, these interneurons release either enkephalin or dynorphin (endogenous opioid neurotransmitters), which bind to mu opioid receptors on the axons of incoming C and A-delta fibers carrying pain signals from nociceptors activated in the periphery. The activation of the mu-opioid receptor inhibits the release of substance P from these incoming first-order neurons and, in turn, inhibits the activation of the second-order neuron that is responsible for transmitting the pain signal up the spinothalamic tract to the ventroposteriolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. The nociceptive signal was inhibited before it was able to reach the cortical areas that interpret the signal as “pain” (such as the anterior cingulate). This is sometimes referred to as the Gate control theory

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19
Q

How is the inferior hypogastric plexus formed?

A

From superior hypogastric plexus:
From the plexus, sympathetic fibers are carried into the pelvis as two main trunks- the right and left hypogastric nerves- each lying medial to the internal iliac artery and its branches. The right and left hypogastric nerves continues as Inferior hypogastric plexus; these hypogastric nerves send sympathetic fibers to the ovarian and ureteric plexus, which originate within the renal and aortic sympathetic plexus. The superior hypogastric plexus receives contributions from the two lower lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2), which are branches of the chain ganglia. They also contain parasympathetic fibers which arise from pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-S4) and ascend from Inferior hypogastric plexus;it is more usual for these parasympathetic fibers to ascend to the left-handed side of the superior hypogastric plexus and cross the branches of the sigmoid and left colic vessel branches, as these parasympathetic branches are distributed along the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery.

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20
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Inferior frontal lobe: pars opercularis and pars triangularis, BA 44 + 45

Speech production

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21
Q

Wernickes area

A

Wernickes speech area is located in the posterior part of superior temporal gyri. Involved in the understanding of written and spoken language.

BA 22

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22
Q

Heschl area is located where?

A

Transverse temporal gyri. Primary auditory cortex buried in the lateral sulcus. BA 41 + 42

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23
Q

Calcarine sulcus separate which gyri?

A

Cuneate and lingual gyrus

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24
Q

What is the name of the fissure that separate the occipital and parietal lobe?

A

Parietooccpital fissure

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25
Q

Fornix connects which two structures?

A

Hippocampus the mammillary bodies and then to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

Part of the limbic system

Fimbria, crura, body and columns

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26
Q

What are the different parts of the fornix?

A

Fimbria
Crura (hippocampal commisure between them)
Body (formed by the two crura in the midline of the brain
Columns (pars libera = visible and pars tecta = hidden part)

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27
Q

Olfactory trigone is bordered by?

A

Medial and lateral olfactory stria and olfactory tubercule behind.

Lie in front of anterior perforated substance

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28
Q

Caudate nucleus have which parts and what is it connected to?

A

Head, body and tail

Amygdala

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29
Q

Lentiform nucleus consists of?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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30
Q

Striatum consists of?

A

Putamen and caudate nucleus

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31
Q

Corpus striatum consists of?

A

Striatum and globus pallidus

32
Q

Corpus callosum is connected to which system and has which parts?

A

Not really a system, but it is the largest commisure between the left and right hemisphere

From ventral to dorsal:
Rostrum
Genu
Body 
Splenium
33
Q

Induseum griseum, where is it and what does it do?

A

Thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus.

34
Q

Which commisures do we have in the brain (main ones)

A

Corpus callosum
Anterior and posterior commisure
Habenular commisure (within the habenular trigone)
Hippocampal commisure (between the crura of the fornix)
Interthalamic adhesion

Anterior commisure: Between lamina terminalis, lamina ventrailis and columns of fornix. Connecting the two temporal lobes. The anterior commissure plays a key role in pain and pain sensation, more specifically sharp, acute pain. It also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, vital for the sense of smell and chemoreception.

Posterior commissure (epithalamic commissure) is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex via pretectal nuclei.

35
Q

Internal capsule have which parts?

A

Anterior and posterior limb and genu in the middle

36
Q

Habenular trigone if bordered by?

A

Medially: Tenia thalami and habenular commisure
Laterally: Thalamus
Posterior: Superior colliculi

37
Q

What separated thalamus from hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

38
Q

Metathalamus consists of which parts and are connected to that?

A

The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Medial geniculate nucleus are connected with the auditory system. It is a part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC).

Lateral geniculate nucleus is connected with the visual sustem. Inferior colliculus and brachium of inferior colliculus. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe.

39
Q

Tuber cinereum: where is it located and what does it do?

A

The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.

Laterally it is continuous with the anterior perforated substances and anteriorly with a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis.

The infundibulum, a hollow conical process, projects from the tuber cinereum. The infundibulum extends forward and down where it is attached to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

It houses the nuclei: tuberal nucleus and tuberomammillary nucleus

The tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) is the sole source of histamine in the brain. By its release of histamine, the tuberomammillary nucleus of the tuber cinereum helps to regulate the circadian cycle.

40
Q

Interventricular foramen of Monro is bordered by?

A

Anteriorly: Free part of the columns of the fornix (pars libera)
Posteriorly: Anterior tubercle of thalamus

41
Q

What are the components of subthalamus?

A

Zona incerta and Subthalamic nucleus of Luys

The subthalamus develops efferent (output) connections to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in the telencephalon, to the dorsal thalamus (medial and lateral nuclear groups) in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon. It receives afferent (input) connections from the substantia nigra and striatum.

42
Q

What are the 5 recesses of the 3rd ventricle?

A 
Optic
Pineal
Triangular
Infundibular
Suprapineal
43
Q

What are the borders of the triangular recess?

A

Inferiorly: Anterior comissure
Ventrally:

44
Q

What are linea terminalis and where can it be found?

A

The median portion of the wall of the fore-brain vesicle consists of a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monro) to the recess at the base of the optic stalk and contains the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which regulates the osmolarity of the blood.

This is the rostral end (tip) of the neural tube (embryological central nervous system) in the early weeks of development. Failure of the lamina terminalis to close properly at this stage of development will result in anencephaly

45
Q

What are the name of the only cranial nerve that orign from the dorsal part of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear nerve (CN.4)

46
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

47
Q

Which structures forms the archicerebellum?

A

Flocculonudular lobe + associated fastigual nuclei

Get afferents from vestibular apparatus of the internal ear via vestibulo-cerebellar tracts (ipsilateral). Efferents to punkinje fibers to fastigual nucleus whoch projects to vestibular and reticular formation.

The oldest part of the cerebellum—the archicerebellum—is concerned with equilibrium and connected with the inner ear and the lateral-line system

48
Q

Paleocerebellum: structure and function

A

The medial zone of the anterior and posterior lobes + surrounding paravermis + globuse and emboloform nuclei.

This sector of the cerebellum functions mainly to fine-tune body and limb movements (muscle tone and posture).

It receives proprioceptive input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (including the spinocerebellar tract) and from the cranial trigeminal nerve, as well as from visual and auditory systems.

It sends fibers to deep cerebellar nuclei that, in turn, project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems.

Efferents to red nucleus (contralateral, deccusate in the midbrain) and to give rise to rubrospinal tract.

49
Q

Neocortex: structure and function

A

Newest and largest part of the cerebellum. Lies on the lateral zones (two hemispheres) + dendate nuclei. Important in coordination of voluntary muscles and planing of movements.

Afferents: It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways). Middle cerebellar peduncle.

Efferents: Dentate nuclei -> Superior cerebellar peduncle -> mainly to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus.

50
Q

Nucleus interpositus is composed of?

A

Emboliform and globose nucleus

51
Q

Arterial supply of the cerebellum

A

From vertebral arteries which gives:

1: Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)
2: Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA)
3: Superior cerebellar arteries

52
Q

The venous sinuses communicate with the veins one the outide of the skull via?

A

Emissary veins

53
Q

Which space des the veins of the brain lie in?

A

Subarachnoid space

54
Q

What are the names and links for the two anastemosing superficial cerebral veins?

A

These comes from the superficial middle cerebral vein:

  • Superior anastomotic vein of Trolard: Middle cerebral vein to superior saggital sinus
  • Inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe: Middle cerebral vein to transverse sinus
55
Q

Whats forms the Great cerebral vein of Gallen

A

Two internal cerebral vein and two basal vein of Rosenthal`s

Internal cerebral vein get tributaries from (formed close to interventricular foramen of Monro):

  • Choriodal vein
  • Caudate nucleus veins
  • Superior thalomostriate vein
  • Veins from septum pellucidum

Basal vein of Rosenthal`s get tributaries from (blood from anterior perforating substance, optic chiasm):

  • Anterior cerebral vein
  • Deep middle cerebral vein
  • Inferior thalamostriate vein
  • Interpeduncular vein
  • Anterior pontomesencephalic vein
56
Q

What forms the straight sinus?

A

Great cerebral vein and the inferior saggital sinus

57
Q

Veins of the upper part of cerebellum drains into

A

Straight sinus, superior petrosal sinus, transverse sinus

58
Q

Veins of the lower part of cerebellum drains into

A

Sigmoid sinus, inferior petrosal sinus and occipital sinus

59
Q

Veins of the midbrain drain into

A

Basal vein of Rosenthal and great cerebral vein of Galen

60
Q

Veins of medulla and pons drains into

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinus, occipital and transverse sinus.

61
Q

Superfical middle cerebral vein drain into

A

cavernous sinus (major)

Connections via its two anastemoses to superior saggital sinus and transverse sinus

62
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater and what is its significans?

A 
External periostal (endosteal) layer
Internal meningeal (fibrous) layer

Venous sinuses drains between these layers

63
Q

Which dural sinuses do we have?

A

The walls of the dural venous sinuses are composed of dura mater lined with endothelium, a specialized layer of flattened cells found in blood vessels. They differ from other blood vessels in that they lack a full set of vessel layers (e.g. tunica media) characteristic of arteries and veins. It also lacks valves as seen in veins.

  • Superior and inferior saggital sinus
  • cavernous sinus, straight sinus
  • occipital sinus
  • transverse sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
64
Q

Venous connections for the cavernous sinus

A

The two cavernous sinuses are connectet via a intercavernous sinus.

Connections:

1: Superior petrosal sinus
2: Inferior petrosal sinus
3: Superior ophthalmic veins
4: Inferior ophthalmic veins
5: Superficial middle cerebral veins
6: Emissary veins to the pterygoidn venous plexus throug formaen ovale
7: Sphenoparietal sinus
8: Basilar venous plexus posteriorly

65
Q

What are the arterial supply of the dura?

A

Go between the two layers of the dura (meningeal and periostal ).

Anterior meningeal artery: from ethmoidal artery

Middle meningeal artery: Anterior and posterior division. Supply most of the dura. From the maxillary artery -> Foramen spinosum

Posterior meningeal artery: From the ascending pharyngeal, vertebral or occipital arteries. Supply the posterior part in the posterior cranial fossa.

66
Q

Innervation of the dura

A

Anterior meningeal branches of the ethmoidal (V1) innervate the anterior cranial fossa

Maxillary and mandibular (foramen spinosum) nerve innervate the middle cranial fossa. Maxillary nerve follow the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery. Mandibular nerve follow the posterior branch.

Vagus innervate the posterior cranial fossa

Tentorium cerebelli and a part of falx cerebri in innervated by the tentorial branch of the

67
Q

What is the difference between the epidural space in spinal cord and in the brian?

A

In the brain, the epidural space is a potential space which is not present unless there are some pathologies reasons for it. E.g. epidural hemorrage from rupture of middle meningeal arteries

In the spinal cord, this epidural space is physiological (natural) located between the spinal dural sac and the vertebral periosteum. It contains loose areolar tissue, internal venous plexus and lymphatics.

68
Q

What are the connections for CSF in the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral aquaduct
Central canal
Lateral apeture
Median apeture

The two lateral apertures provide a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain’s ventricular system into the subarachnoid space; specifically into the pontocerebellar cistern at the cerebellopontine angle. The structure is also called the lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle or the foramen of Luschka.

The median aperture (also known as the medial aperture, and foramen of Magendie) drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the fourth ventricle into the cisterna magna

69
Q

Which lobes are involved in the lateral ventricules? What is its connections?

A

Temporal (inferior)
Frontarl (anterior)
Occipital (posterior)
Parietal (center portion)

Interventricular foramen of Monro connects the 3rd ventricle with the central portion of the lateral ventricle.

70
Q

What are the borders of the anterior horn?

A

Lateral wall: Head of caudate
Medial wall: Septum pellucidum
Floor - anterior wall - roof: Corpus callosum (genu, body and rostrum)

71
Q

What are the borders of the inferior horn?

A

Roof: Radiation of splenium of corpus callosum
Floor: Hippocampus and collateral eminence
Anteriorly: Amygdaloid nucleus
Medial: Choriod lamina epithelialis (choriod tele + choriod plexus

72
Q

What are the borders of the central portion of the lateral ventricle?

A

Roof: Corpus callosum
Floor: Dorsal part of thalamus w/ lamina affixa
Lateral wall: Body of caudate
Medial wall: fornix and choroid lamina epitheialis

73
Q

What are the borders of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles?

A

Lateral wall: Tepetum of corpus callosun
Medial wall: Two longitudional elevations -> Bulb of the posterior horn formed by the radiation of the corpus callosum (forceps major) and the calcar avis, produced by the calcarine fissure
Floor: Collateral trigone

74
Q

What are the collateral trigone?

A

The body of the lateral ventricle is the central portion, just posterior to the frontal horn. The trigone of the lateral ventricle is a triangular area defined by the temporal horn inferiorly, the occipital horn posteriorly, and the body of the lateral ventricle anteriorly. The cella media is the central part of the lateral ventricle. Ependyma cover the inside of the lateral ventricles and are epithelial cells

75
Q

Borders of the third ventricle

A

Lateral: Thalamus

Roof: Choroid lamina terminalis

Floor: Hypothalamus, infundibulum, mamillary bodies and habenular commisure

Anterior wall: Columns of the fornix, anterior comissure and lamina terminalis

Posterior wall: Posterior comissure, pineal recess, suprapineal recess.

76
Q

What forms choroid plexus?

A

Tela choroidea (choriod lamina epithelialis + pia mater

The tela choroidea is the thin, highly vascularised, loose connective tissue portion of pia mater that gives rise to the choroid plexus. Thus, it is basically the lamina propria of the ependyma and lies directly adherent to it, without any tissue in between the two.

Choroid lamina epitelialis is attached to choroid taenia.

77
Q

Lissauer`s tract is important in?

A

Nocireceptor stimulation -> Ends in lamina 1, 2 and 5

Anatomy (6 decks)

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