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Anatomy > Head and neck > Flashcards

Head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

Content of the carotid sheath

A

The four major structures contained in the carotid sheath are:

1: the common carotid artery as well as the internal carotid artery
2: internal jugular vein
3: the vagus nerve (CN X)
4: the deep cervical lymph nodes

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2
Q

Anterior cervical region: borders

Which subregions do we have?

A

Cranially: Mandible
Caudually: Sternum - the juglear notch
Laterally: SCM

Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular/omotracheal triangle

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3
Q

SCM region

Which subregions do we have?

A

Region is defined by the muscle itself

Lesser supraclavicular fossa
Sclenovertebral triangle

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4
Q

Posterior (lateral) cervical region: Borders

Which subregions do we have?

A

Ventrally: SCM
Dorsally: Trapezius
Caudually: Clavicle

Omohyoid muscle divides this region into two.
Bellow: Omoclavicular triangle (or supraclavicular triangle)
Above: Omotrapezoid triangle (occipital triangle)

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5
Q

Submandibular triangle: Borders and content

A

The submandibular triangle is a paired space between the body of the mandible and both bellies of the digastric containing the submandibular gland with the facial vessels, and deeper, the lingual artery and hypoglossal nerve

Borders: 
Cranially: Mandible (inferior margin)
Medially: Anterior belly of digastric
Bottom: Mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscle
Laterally: Posterior belly of digastric

Content: Submandibular gland, lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion, hyoglossus nerve, lingual artery and vein, facial artery and vein, submandibular LN.

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6
Q

Carotid triangle: Borders and content

A

Borders:
Cranially: Posterior belly of digastric
Caudually: Superior belly of omohyoid
Laterally: SCM

Content: Carotid sheath with its structures (common carotid a, vagus nerve, internal juglear vein, superior root of deep ansa cervicalis).
Superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery.
Facial + superior thyroid vein
Arch of hypoglossal nerve
Accessory nerve
Lateral group of deep cervical LN

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7
Q

Submental triangle: Borders and content

A

Small space between the anterior bellies of both digastrics. Containing LN responsible for draining of the anterior part of the tongue.

Border:
Laterally: Anterior belly of digastric
Ventrally: Body of the mandible
Caudally: Hyoid bone 
Bottom (floor): Mylohyoid

Content: Mylohyoid nerves, submental arteries and veins. Submental LN

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8
Q

Muscular triangle: Borders and content

A 
In the middle of the neck
Borders:
Medially: Anterior median line
Laterally: SCM and Omohyoid (superior belly)
Caudually: Sternum
Cranially: Hyoid bone

Content:
Zzzzz

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9
Q

Which mucles have a function on the eyelids?

A

Frontalis (part of Occipitofrontalis), orbicularis oculi, depressor supercilii, corragator supercilii

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10
Q

Occipotofrontalis consists of?

A

Frontalis and occipitalis. Both are connected via Galea Aponeurosis.

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11
Q

Which mucles are work on the nose?

A

Nasalis
Procerus
Depressor septi nasi

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12
Q

Which mucles have a function on the lips?

A 
Orbicularis oris
Risoris
Zygomaticus (major and minor)
Levator anguli oris
Levator labii superior
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis
Buccinator
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13
Q

Muscle of mastication + function

A

Masseter (elevate and protraction of the mandible)
Temopralis (elevation and retraction of the mandible)
Lateral pterygoid (depression, side-side movement)
Medial pterygoid (elevation, close the jaw, side-side mov)

Just remember that the lateral pterygoid OPENS the mouth

V3 of the trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A

Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

(Hyoglossus is not one of them)

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15
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

The infrahyoid muscles function to depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech.

Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Imihyoid
Sternothyroid

All of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis from the cervical plexus (C1-C3) except the thyrohyoid muscle, which is innervated by fibers only from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling with the hypoglossal nerve.

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16
Q

Branches of the external carotid artery

A 
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

3 anterior, 2 posterior, 1 medial and 2 terminal

“Some Ancient Lovers Find Old Positions More Stimulation”

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17
Q

What is the major branches of the facial nerve?

A 
5 branches in the intraparotid plexus. First there is two major branches: Temporofacial and cercivofacial rami)
Frontal
Zygomatic
Buccinator
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
18
Q

Which 4 nerves exit at the ERB`s point?

A

Transverse cervical nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Supraclavicular nerve
Great auricular nerve

19
Q

What forms the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeal arch? What is in between?

A

Palatoglossus muscle

Palatopharyngeus muscle

The anterior one is known as the palatoglossal arch, and the posterior one is known as the palatopharyngeal arch. Between these two arches is the palatine tonsil.

20
Q

Which is the only muscle of facial expression that are covered by a fascia?

A

Buccinator

Buccopharyngeal fascia

21
Q

Deep muscles of the neck (4 muscles)

A

Longus capitis
Longus colli
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis

22
Q

Which 3 groups of cervical fascias do we have?

A

Pretracheal
- Envelops the infrahyoid muscles. Carotid sheath is derived from the pretracheal layer
Superficial
- Platysma is in this fascia, envelops the trapezius and SCM
Prevertebral
- Covers the deep cervical muscles

23
Q

Facial nerve pass out of which foramen and innervate two nerves before it fans put in the intraparotid plexus?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

Post. belly of digastric and stylohyoid

24
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve comes from which nerve and innervate what? Does it have any important branches? ;)

A

From vagus. Divides into one external and internal branch.

Internal pierce thyrohyoid membrane (together with the superior laryngeal artery) and innervate laryngeopharynx, epiglottis and structures above the vocal fold (recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate structures below). The vocal fold itself receives dual innervation from both nerves.

External branch innervate inferior constrictor and cricothyroid muscle

25
Q

Which nerve innervate the laryngeal muscles?

A

All muscles by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, except cricothyroid. Recurrent laryngeal nerve also gives sensory innervation to the mucus membrane below the vocal fold.

26
Q

Hypoglossus nerve innervate?

A

All intrinsic muscles of the tounge + genioglossus, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, styloglossus, thyrohyoid muscle. Basically everything with the exception of the palatoglossus. The palatoglossus is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).

27
Q

Which nerve innervate palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Vagus

28
Q

Which nerve innervate stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

29
Q

Ansa cervicalis innervate? which nerves form this loop?

A

Lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle.

Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate most of the infrahyoid muscles, including the sternothyroid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle. Note that the thyrohyoid muscle, which is also an infrahyoid muscle, is innervated by cervical spinal nerve 1 via the hypoglossal nerve. In addition, the ansa cervicalis does not innervate the stylohyoid muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve.

30
Q

What forms the salpingopalatine and salpingopharyngeal folds?

A

The salpingopharyngeal fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle

The salpingopalatine fold, a smaller fold extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.

31
Q

What connects the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal (ant, mid and post) and sphenoidal sinuses?

A

Frontal - semilunar hiatus via ethmoidal infundibulum
Maxillary - semilunar hiatus via ethmoidal infundibulum
Ant + mid ethmoidal - Middle nasal meatus
Post ethmoidal + sphenoidal (via spheno-ethmoidal recess)- superior nasal meatus

32
Q

Parapharyngeal space

A

Starts as a narrow gap between the lateral wall of the pharyn and the medial pterygoid m.

33
Q

Retropharyngeal space

A

The retropharyngeal space is a potential space of the head and neck, bounded by the buccopharyngeal fascia anteriorly and the alar fascia posteriorly. Together with the lateral pharyngeal space, these spaces are termed the parapharyngeal spaces.

34
Q

Lateral lingual groove is formed by and contain what?

A

Mylohyoid and hyoglossus

Lingual nerve, hypoglossal nerve, submandibular duct

35
Q

Beclard`s tiangle is formed by?

A

Tendon of digastric muscle, posterior border of hyoglossus and the greater horn of the hyoid bone.

36
Q

Which structures pass through the parotid gland?

A

Retromandibular vein, external carotid artery and facial n.

Ext carotid give of: Posterior auricular, maxillary and superfical temporal artery (this give the transverse facial artery)

37
Q

What is the content of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Sphenomandibular ligament, medial and lateral pterygoid muscle, V3, branches of facial nerve, pterygoid venous plexus and maxillary artery

38
Q

Lesser petrosal nerve innervation and course

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve. Foramen ovale. Otic ganglion. Parotid gland.

39
Q

External juglear vein recieve and go to?

A

The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein.

Ends in the subclavian vein

40
Q

Retromandibular vein

A

The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle.

It divides into two branches:

An anterior, which passes forward and joins anterior facial vein, to form the common facial vein, which then drains into the internal jugular vein.

A posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein.

41
Q

Which lymph nodes do we have and where do they go?

A

Mastoid, occipital, parotid, submental, submandibular

Mastoid and occipital LN goes with superficial LN with the ext. juglear vein

The other with the internal juglear vein and deep cervical LN.

Anatomy (6 decks)

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