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Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Neuron Doctrine state?

A

neurons are the basic signaling unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

What does the Principle of Dynamic Polarization state?

A

signals flow in a predictable and consistent direction

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3
Q

What does the Principle of Connectional Specificity state?

A

no direct cytoplasmic connectivity between neurons and the connections formed between neurons are specific (not random)

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4
Q

What is the receptive area of a generalized neuron?

A

dendrites and cell body (localized input)

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5
Q

What is the integrative area of a generalized neuron?

A

axon hillock (triggers a response)

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6
Q

What is the conductive area of a generalized neuron?

A

axon (carries a signal)

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7
Q

What is the output area of a generalized neuron?

A

axonal terminals (secretory)

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8
Q

How can neurons be classified? (3)

A

1) size
2) number of processes
3) direction they project

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9
Q

_________ in the periphery is sensory in the CNS.

A

afferent

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10
Q

_________ in the periphery is motor in the CNS.

A

efferent

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11
Q

What type of glial cell is supportive cells as well as reparative cells?

A

astrocytes

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12
Q

What type of glial cell is involved in the mechanism of myelination (other than Schwann cells)?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What type of glial cell is considered the macrophage of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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14
Q

What synaptic type involves the synapse of the post synaptic axon terminal with the dendrite of the presynaptic cell?

A

Axodendritic

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15
Q

What synaptic type is primarily excitatory - causing a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Axodendritic

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16
Q

What synaptic type is considered a more complex type of axodendritic synapse and creates and even greater depolarization?

A

Axospinous

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17
Q

What synaptic type involves the synapse of the post synaptic axon terminal with the cell body of the presynaptic cell?

A

Axosomatic

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18
Q

What synaptic type is primarily inhibitory?

A

Axosomatic

19
Q

What synaptic type involves the synapse of the axon terminal with the axon of another cell?

A

Axoaxonic

20
Q

What influences the amount of neurotransmitter release by controlling the amount of calcium allowed into the cell?

A

axoaxonic synapse

21
Q

What influences calcium channels to open?

A

action potential that traveled down the axon

22
Q

Influx of calcium in relationship to the incoming action potential from neuron A, causes what in neuron B (postsynaptic cell)?

A

postsynaptic potential

23
Q

What allows for binding of vesicles of neurotransmitter to the presynaptic membrane, allowing for release into the synapse and binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors on the post synaptic membrane?

A

calcium

24
Q

What determines the amount of neurotransmitter release into the synapse?

A

calcium

25
Q

What occurs during inhibition in a neuron?

A

when using another compound (ligand gated channels), it limits the flow of calcium, less neurotransmitter release into the synapse, resulting in inhibited depolarization

26
Q

What occurs during excitation in a neuron?

A

calcium influx is held open longer, more calcium flows into the cell, increasing in neurotransmitter release into the synapse, resulting in an increase in postsynaptic depolarization

27
Q

What synaptic type is found in the posterior hypothalamus and involve the secretion of hormones from the axon onto the capillary beds of the hypothalamus (oxytocin, vasopressin)?

A

Axosecretory

28
Q

What structure selectively allows for the flux of ions into or out of the neuron?

A

Channels

29
Q

What type of channels allow for diffusion of small ions?

A

Non-gated ion channels

30
Q

What type of channel is sensory modality specific?

A

gated-ion channels

31
Q

What type of gated-ion channel involves the binding of an ion to a receptor in order to open the channel?

A

ligand gated-ion channel

32
Q

What type of gated-ion channel involves the change in potential in order to open the channel?

A

voltage gated-ion channel

33
Q

What is known as a graded change in membrane polarity that decays away from the site of initiation (synapse in the CNS, receptor in the PNS)?

A

electronic potential

34
Q

Where does decay of polarization occur?

A

the dendrite or the cell body

35
Q

The summation of electronic potential received by the somatic membrane must reach what, in order to continue as an action potential down the axon?

A

the summation must reach threshold at the axon hillock in order to continue as an action potential down the axon. If the summation does not reach threshold or decays before reaching threshold at the axon hillock, an action potential will NOT occur

36
Q

Which synaptic potential involves the electrical activity or membrane polarity becoming more positive with respect to resting membrane potential (depolarization)?

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

37
Q

Which synaptic potential involves the electrical activity or membrane polarity becoming more negative with respect to resting membrane potential (hyperpolarization)?

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

38
Q

What is known as the change in membrane potential along the axon of a neuron?

A

Action potential

39
Q

What type of gated-ion channel is required during an action potential?

A

voltage gated-ion channels (only located on the axon of a neuron)

40
Q

What does the “all or none” principle state?

A
  • there is NO decay in the amplitude and speed of an action potential once it has been generated
  • its ultimate end is to generate the release of a neuroactive substance at its terminal end
  • action potentials are unidirectional, traveling from the axon hillock to all of the axon terminals of each neuron
41
Q

Can an action potential be generated on the dendrite? Why or why not?

A

NO; because voltage gated ion channels are required to generate an action potential and that type of ion channel is only found at the axon hillock

42
Q

The amount of transmitter release depends on what?

A
  • Transmitter release is always a response to an action potential
  • the frequency of the AP traveling down the axon determines the amount of neurotransmitter released into the synapse
43
Q

What type of learning is temporary?

A

Non-associative learning (sensitization/habituation)

44
Q

What type of learning is long lasting?

A

Associative learning (long-term potentiation/depression)

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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