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Neuroscience > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is it when a single cell stimulates multiple cells?

A

Divergence

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2
Q

What is it when multiple cells stimulate a single nucleus of another neuron?

A

Convergence

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3
Q

What is the directional term for “toward head”?

A

rostral

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4
Q

What is the directional term for “toward tail”?

A

caudal

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5
Q

What is the directional term for “incoming connections - axons/nerve impulses conducted/directed toward the next neuron”?

A

afferent (sensory)

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6
Q

What is the directional term for “outgoing connections - axons/nerve impulses conducted/directed away from a neuron”?

A

efferent (motor)

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7
Q

What develops into the spinal cord and the brain (CNS)?

A

neural tube

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8
Q

The neural crest cells that were left behind eventually form the majority of what?

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) including the dorsal root ganglia cells that are the cell bodies for all of the sensory side of the PNS, Schwann cells, and the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.

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9
Q

What are the cells that myelinate the PNS (both sensory and motor)?

A

Schwann cells

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10
Q

The autonomic nervous system includes what 2 types of cells?

A
  • sensory cells

- postganglionic motor cells

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11
Q

Neural crest cells are responsible for the generation of what type of cells found in what layer of the epidermis?

A

melanocytes in Stratum Basale

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12
Q

The neural tube is divided into what four plates?

A
  • roof
  • floor
  • alar
  • basal
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13
Q

Which plate of the neural tube is located dorsal to sulcus limitans and forms the sensory and association part of the developing neural tube?

A

alar plate

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14
Q

Which plate of the neural tube lies anterior to sulcus limitans and forms the motor part of the developing neural tube, including both alpha and gamma motor neurons?

A

basal plate

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15
Q

Which two plates of the neural tube do not generate any neuronal components?

A

roof and floor plates

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16
Q

What is the groove in the wall of the neural tube called?

A

sulcus limitans

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17
Q

What two plates of the neural tube are separated by the sulcus limitans?

A

alar and basal plates

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18
Q

The developing neural tube expands at the rostral end into what three primary vesicles?

A
  • rhombencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • prosencephalon
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19
Q

What two secondary vesicles does the rhombencephalon further expand into?

A
  • myelencephalon

- metencephalon

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20
Q

What two secondary vesicles does the prosencephalon further expand into?

A
  • diencephalon

- telencephalon

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21
Q

The primary vesicle, mesencephalon, forms what brain region?

A

midbrain

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22
Q

The secondary vesicle, myelencephalon, forms what brain region?

A

medulla oblongata

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23
Q

The secondary vesicle, metencephalon, forms what brain region?

A

pons and cerebellum

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24
Q

The secondary vesicle, diencephalon, forms what brain region?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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25
Q

The secondary vesicle, telencephalon, forms what brain region?

A

cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia

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26
Q

Secondary brain vesicles result in the formation of what?

A

brain and brainstem

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27
Q

The remainder of the neural tube, besides the secondary brain vesicles, forms what?

A

spinal cord

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28
Q

The lumen of the neural tube expands with the developing vesicles and forms what?

A

the ventricular system

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29
Q

What is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord (a remnant of the neural tube)?

A

the ventricular system

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30
Q

What secondary brain vesicle has two lateral ventricles?

A

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)

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31
Q

What secondary brain vesicle contains the third ventricle of the brain (midline unpaired ventricle)?

A

diencephalon

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32
Q

Where in the brain can you find the fourth midline unpaired ventricle?

A

found in the pons and medulla and below the cerebellum

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33
Q

What divides the cerebral hemispheres from each other and from the cerebellum?

A

longitudinal and transverse fissures

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34
Q

What divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe (pre- and post central gyri - primary motor and sensory cortices)?

A

central sulcus

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35
Q

What is the midline extension of the pre- and post central gyri called?

A

paracentral lobule

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36
Q

What divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

lateral sulcus

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37
Q

An imaginary line stretching between what two areas separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

parieto-occipital notch and pre-occipital notch

38
Q

What is the midline sulcus marking the area of the primary visual cortex called?

A

calcarine sulcus

39
Q

What separates the midline part of the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

40
Q

What is known as the midline sulcus?

A

Cingulate sulcus

41
Q

What are the connective tissue membranes covering the CNS called?

A

meninges

42
Q

Most external layer and toughest layer covering the CNS?

A

Dura mater

43
Q

Enfolding of the meningeal layer of the dura mater results in the formation of what openings between the two layers of the dura?

A

Dural sinuses

44
Q

What function as the outflow pathway for venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid?

A

dural sinuses

45
Q

Due to the rigidity of the attachments of the dural sinuses to the brain, space occupying lesions cause what clinical problem?

A

herniations

46
Q

What layer of the dura is fused with the periosteum of the skull at the foramen magnum?

A

periosteal dura

47
Q

What layer of the dura is continuous into the vertebral canal and covers the spinal cord?

A

meningeal dura

48
Q

What structure of the dura separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

49
Q

What structure of the dura separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellu, also limiting the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

50
Q

What is the opening in the tentorium cerebelli surrounding the brainstem (midbrain) as it passes out of the middle cranial fossa into the posterior cranial fossa called?

A

Tentorial notch

51
Q

Which dural sinus is on the superior edge of falx cerebri?

A

superior sagittal sinus

52
Q

Which dural sinus is on the inferior edge of falx cerebri?

A

inferior sagittal sinus

53
Q

Which dural sinus connects the inferior and superior sagittal sinuses across tentorial cerebelli?

A

straight sinus

54
Q

What is the point posteriorly on tentorium cerebelli where the straight sinus and transverse sinuses join called?

A

confluens of sinuses

55
Q

Which dural sinus are at the posterior edge of tentorium cerebelli and carry venous blood toward the internal jugular vein?

A

Transverse sinus

56
Q

Which dural sinus is considered the last part of the sinus system that is continuous with the internal jugular vein through the jugular foramen?

A

Sigmoid sinus

57
Q

What is the “squeezing” of nervous tissue through an opening such as the tentorial notch?

A

herniation

58
Q

Three common sites of herniation?

A

1) subfalcine - cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri
2) transtentorial or uncal - uncus through the tentorium cerebrelli (tentorial notch)
3) tonsillar - cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum

59
Q

What is it called when a skull fracture tears the middle meningeal artery resulting in an arterial bleed with blood accumulating between the dura mater and the skull?

A

epidural hematoma

60
Q

What is the delicate non-vascular connective tissue membrane layer of the brain?

A

arachnoid mater

61
Q

What are the attachments from the outer arachnoid layer to the pia mater called?

A

arachnoid trabeculae

62
Q

What is the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid called?

A

subdural space

63
Q

Are the arachnoid and dura attached?

A

NO

64
Q

Venous bleeding into the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid is called what?

A

subdural hematoma

65
Q

What are small extensions of the arachnoid membrane that function as a “one-way” gate for the uptake of CSF into the venous vascular drainage of the brain?

A

arachnoid granulations or villae

66
Q

What is the vascular connective tissue membrane of the brain called?

A

pia mater

67
Q

What is the space called that lies between the pia mater and arachnoid mater and contains CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

68
Q

What are enlarged areas of subarachnoid space called?

A

cisterns

69
Q

What can be identified in the subacrachnoid space?

A

the arterial and venous branches that supply the cortical regions for the brain

70
Q

What is it when there is bleeding in the subarachnoid space resulting from a trauma?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

71
Q

How is the spinal cord anchored within the spinal canal?

A

the pia intima that is adhered tightly to the spinal cord and the denticulate ligaments that are segmentally paired extensions that cross the subarachnoid space, pierce the arachnoid mater and attach to the dura

72
Q

What are the cavities within the CNS, derived developmentally from the neural tube?

A

ventricles

73
Q

What substance do ventricles produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

74
Q

What ventricles occur in each of the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

lateral ventricles

75
Q

Lateral ventricles are continuous with what?

A

a single midline third ventricle through interventricular foramen (of Monro)

76
Q

The third ventricle is continuous caudally with what?

A

the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius in the midbrain

77
Q

The cerebral aqueduct empties into what?

A

fourth ventricle of the pons and medulla

78
Q

What is the fourth ventricle continuous with?

A

the remnants of the central canal of the spinal cord

79
Q

The fourth ventricle communicates with the subarachnoid space through what structures?

A
  • two lateral apertures (Foramina of Lushka)

- one midline aperture (Foramen of Magendie)

80
Q

What is secreted by the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

81
Q

Function of CSF?

A

reduces the relative mass of the brain and also cushions the brain

82
Q

What can result in the build up of interventricular pressure and/or intracranial pressure?

A

any blockage of the flow of CSF

83
Q

What results from blockage of normal flow of CSF our of the ventricular system?

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus

84
Q

What results from absorption or circulation problems with CSF?

A

Communicating hydrocephalus

85
Q

What joins the endothelial cells of the blood capillaries in the CNS?

A

tight junctions (forms a barrier that allows for the selective exchange of only small molecules - blood brain barrier)

86
Q

What substances are actively transported across the blood brain barrier for the nourishment of the CNS?

A

glucose and amino acids

87
Q

What substances are restricted from crossing the blood brain barrier?

A

large proteins (ex: antibiotics)

88
Q

What types of cells control the permeability of the endothelial cells by influencing the physiology of endothelial cell membranes?

A

glial cells

89
Q

What happens to the blood brain barrier if the glial cells are disrupted?

A

the glial cells no longer control the endothelial cells and the barrier is made more permeable

90
Q

Those areas of high activity show the _________ uptake of necessary substances across the blood brain barrier. An increase in perfusion rate of the capillary beds is found in areas of ________ physiological activity along with the ________ areas of oxygen uptake.

A

highest; greatest; greatest

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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