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Speech Anatomy COMD 320 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Activating and Controlling motor acts

Get Arms and Legs and such where they need to be

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2
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Complex and Skilled movements

Speech, hand and finger movement

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3
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A 
Reasoning, 
abstract thinking, 
self-monitoring, 
planning, 
decision making, 
pragmatic function
social language
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4
Q

Humunculus

A

Lips, Tongue, Larynx control are located near each other

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5
Q

Specialized Communication areas

A 
Primary Motor Cortex
Auditory Cortex
Arcuate fasciculus
Visual Cortex
Wernicke's Area
Broca's Area
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6
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech Production

Only left side

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7
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Speech Reception

Only on left side

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8
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that envelop the CNS

Function is to protect

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9
Q

Types of Meninges

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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10
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Vascularized

Function: Cushioning

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11
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough Mother

Most Superficial

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12
Q

Pia Mater

A

thin

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13
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Bundles of nerve fibers that work to help different parts of the brain to communicate

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14
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions

A

-How we know what we are doing within our environment
-How we initiate activity in response to our environment
-Judgements we make about what occurs in our daily activities
-Controls Emotional Response
-Controls Expressive Language
-Assigns meaning to the words we choose
-Involves word associations
Memory for habits and motor activity

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe Disorders

A 
Paralysis
Sequencing
Loss of spontaneity in communicating with others (especially with Transcortical Motor Aphasia)
Loss of flexibility in thinking
Perseveration
Attending
Emotionally Labile
Changes in social behavior and personality
Broca's Aphasia
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16
Q

Sequencing

A

Difficulty planning a sequence of cognitive or motor steps

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17
Q

Perseveration

A

Persistence of a single thought

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18
Q

Attending

A

Inability to focus on a task

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19
Q

Emotionally Labile

A

Dramatic mood changes

Spontaneous often
Can be non related to emotions
Cry for no reason,

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20
Q

Site of Damage for Broca’s Aphasia

A

Brodmann area 44

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21
Q

Broca’s Aphasia symptoms

A 
Production
-Slow, laborious, and halting
-Phonetic distortion
-Perseveration (stuck in the tube until it can get out)
Agrammatism or telegraphic speech
Dysprosody
Lots of fillers
Relatively Good Comprehension and reading
Poor Repetition
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22
Q

Frontal Lobe Divisions

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex

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23
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A
  • Gross sensation of pain, temperature, touch, etc…
  • Reading
  • Naming
  • Calculations and Arithmetic
  • Cross modal integration of senses

Senses

Why playing the piano is supposed to help you with math.

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24
Q

Parietal Lobe Disorders

A
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Motor apraxia
  • tactile agnosia
  • Inability to judge spatial relationships
  • Anomia
  • Agraphia
  • Alexia
  • Dyscalculia
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25
Q

Anomia

A

Inability to name an object

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26
Q

Agraphia

A

Difficulties with writing

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27
Q

Alexia

A

Difficulties with reading

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28
Q

Dyscalculia

A

Difficulty with doing mathematics

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29
Q

Cues that can help with Broca’s Aphasia

A

Phonetic
Visual
Semantic

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30
Q

Example of Semantic Cue

A

The room is ____?

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31
Q

Example of Phonetic Cue

A

D____

give the first sound

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32
Q

Example of Visual Cue

A

Show a picture of it or show the articulation

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33
Q

Emotional Lability

A

Spontaneous occurrences of emotion that are not what the person is meaning.

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34
Q

Melodic Intonation Therapy

A

Using different parts of the brain to help speech come out. Someone with expressive aphasia and they have difficulty getting words out. Ex. hand tapping, pitch

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35
Q

Tactile Agnosia

A

Can’t tell what something is by touching it

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36
Q

“A-“

A

latin for no

  • aphasia
  • aphonia
  • dysphasia- poor swallowing
  • dysphonia-
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37
Q

Contralateral Neglect

A

Cortex is not perceiving the information on the opposite side of the body from the brain injury. Have to train the brain to attend to that side. They ignore it and you have to bring their attention to it.

Ignoring the left visual field typically

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38
Q

Causes of Contralateral Neglect

A

Stroke or Traumatic Brain Injury

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39
Q

Occipital Lobe Functions

A

Visual Processing

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40
Q

Occipital Lobe Disorders

A
  • Contralateral Visual Field Neglect - signal is not getting processed
  • Difficulty with locating objects in environment
  • Color Agnosia
  • Cortical Blindness
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41
Q

Color agnosia

A

Difficulty Identifying Colors

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42
Q

Cortical Blindness

A

Cortex is not processing what you are seeing,

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43
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A

Hearing ability
language comprehension
Lexical comprehension
memory encoding

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44
Q

Areas/ Structures in Temporal Lobe

A

Heschl’s Gyrus
Wernicke’s Area
Arcuate Fasciculus

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45
Q

Temporal Lobe Disorders

Left Hemisphere

A
  • Hearing/Comprehension deficits
  • Aphasia
  • Dementia
  • Sexual Dysfunction
  • Increased aggression and agitation
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46
Q

Aphasia Definition

A

Language Deficits

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47
Q

Types of Aphasia

A 
Comprehension
Verbal Production
Written Language
Reading
Verbal Memory or Word-Finding
Repetition
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48
Q

Temporal Lobe Disorders

Right Hemisphere

A 
Nonverbal Memory
Loss in ability to discriminate tones/ musical ability
Deficits in attention
Difficulties with humor and inferences
Pragmatic impairment
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49
Q

CVA

A

CerebroVascular Accident

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50
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Production

A 
Fluent
Semantically inappropriate
Paraphasias are common
sometimes called "cocktail hour speech"
Augmentation
Prosody still intact
Articulation is normal
Empty Speech
Jargon
Logorrhea/press speech
Circumlocution
Word Finding
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51
Q

Logorrhea or Press of Speech

A

Phenomenon characterized by continued talking, with little to no turn taking. Clients often have to be interupted

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52
Q

Broca’s Aphasia Writing Charateristics

A
  • often write as they talk
  • slow and laborious
  • frequent misspellings and letter omissions
  • often slant down across page
  • rarely write in cursive
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53
Q

Mr. Tant

A

The first documented case of Broca’s Aphasia

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54
Q

Broca’s Aphasia Recovery

A

spontaneous in the first few weeks, after 2 years it is a flatter recovery curve

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55
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A

Visual Processing

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56
Q

Occipital Lobe Disorders

A 
žContralateral visual field neglect 
žDifficulty with locating objects in environment 
Color Agnosia  
Cortical blindness 
›  Confabulate descriptions and scenes
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57
Q

Color Agnosia

A

Difficulty with identifying colors

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58
Q

Temporal Lobe Areas or Structures that are specialized for communication

A

Heschl’s Gyrus
Wernike’s Area
Arcuate Fasciculus

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59
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

Cortical center for hearing

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60
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language Comprehansion

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61
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Axonal bundle connecting Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

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62
Q

Dementia

A

Deficits in memory

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63
Q

Paraphasias

A

Close to the word but not quite saying it

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64
Q

Augmentation

A

Complicating a repeated utterance by adding words and paraphasias

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65
Q

Prosody intact

A

Speech sounds normal but content is meaningless

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66
Q

Empty Speech

A

Substituting general words without referents

for more specific words

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67
Q

Jargon

A

Strings of neologisms with scattered connected words.

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68
Q

Circumlocution

A

Behavior where patient talks around missing words, knowing the concept but not the word.

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69
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Comprehension

A

Usually impaired
In severe cases patients may not understand single words
Language spoken or in visual form (including their own speech)
may have pure word deafness or blindness.

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70
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia- Repetition

A

Fluent

Grossly restricted retention span

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71
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Writing

A

Writing resembles their speech (The letters are well formed and legible, but it often doesn’t make sense. Interestingly, most will use cursive)
Paraphasias in the speech usually show up in writing too
Logorrhea also occurs in their writing

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72
Q

Anosognosia

A

Patients tend to show a lack of awareness or outward concern about their communication problems.

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73
Q

Limbic Lobe Functions

A

Autonomic
-Food and water intake
-body temperature
Hormone and neurotransmitter release

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74
Q

Neurodiagnostic Techniques

A 
X-ray
CT Scan
MRI
PET Scan
EEG
ERP
75
Q

X-ray

A 
Stuctural
Radiation (film)
2-D, not very detailed
Grey Scale according to detail
Inexpensive
Sometimes used with radio-opaque dyes
76
Q

CT Scan- definition

A

Computerized Tomography

77
Q

CT Scan

A

Structural
Radiation
  >Narrow radiation beam generators rotate axially
around the patient
›  Radiation detectors instead of film are used to
analyze the radiation beams
›  The scanner moves up or down the body in
regular steps creating a series of image “slices”
3-D, average detail
›  Permits visualization of soft tissues not available
from regular X-Ray

78
Q

MRI- Definition

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

79
Q

MRI

A 
Structural
No Radiation
3-D, high detail
Relatively expensive
Pace-makers and metal objects interfere with scan
80
Q

PET Scan

A 
Functional
Some Radiation
Glucose is tagged with a radio-isotope
3-D, average detail
Color-coded
81
Q

EEG -Definition

A

Electroencephalogram

82
Q

EEG

A
  • Measures brain electrical activity; time varying voltages occurring at different frequencies
  • Functional measure
  • Poor spacial resolution, good temporal resolution
83
Q

ERP-definition

A

Evoked Related Potential

84
Q

ERP

A

-Changes in the electrical activity of the
neurons that are temporally associated with
physical stimulus or psychological
processes.
-Either negative or positive peaks
-It’s hard to pick out an ERP from an EEG, so
they will average episodes of the same
task.

85
Q

Nervous Systems

A

CNS and PNS

86
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

87
Q

PNS

A

exists and extends outside CNS

88
Q

CNS Types of Cells

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

89
Q

Neurons

A 
–-Basic building block of the CNS 
–-15 billion in the CNS 
–Three basic sections
1)  Dendrites 
2)  Cell Body 
3)  Axon
90
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
GABA
Peptides
91
Q

Acetylcholine

A

›  Major chemical messenger that controls
voluntary movements
›  Acetylcholinestrase: beaks down and dissolves
Acetylcholine in the synaptic gap.
›  Myasthenia Gravis: disease characterized by
muscle weakness that becomes worse with
exercise

92
Q

Dopamine

A

›  Facilitates motor function
›  Parkinson’s disease: tremor, reduced movement,
dysarthria
›  Some recreational drugs (LSD) cause excessive
dopamine release
›  El Dopa

93
Q

Norepinephrine

A

›  Regulates sleep, attention, and moods.

›  Treatment of depression

94
Q

Serotonin

A

›  Regulates sleep, emotion, and pain regulation.
›  95% of serotonin found in the peripheral nervous
system.

95
Q

GABA (Glutimate aminobutyric acid)

A

Regulates Pain Perception

96
Q

Peptides (larger molecules)

A

Regulate pain perception

97
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support and protect neurons
40-50 times the number of neurons
4 types in CNS

98
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A 
CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
PNS- Schwann cells
99
Q

Astrocyted

A

Form supporting network in brain
Form in blood vessel to provide blood-brain barrier
Form scar tissue around dead brain cells

100
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate axons in the CNS

101
Q

Microglia

A

Scavengers of the CNS

Engulf dead brain tissue and remove it from the lesion site

102
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Contribute to the blood-brain barrier

Form lining inside ventricles where the choroid plexus secrete CSF

103
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

104
Q

Brain Protective Systems

A

Scalp, Skull, Dura Mater, Blood-brain barrier, Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), Collateral circulation

105
Q

Brain vulnerabilities

A

Acute events and processes

Insidious events and processes

106
Q

Acute events and proceses

A

Brain requires a constant supply of oxygen and glucose- especially intolerant of sudden decreases in oxygen, which are often signaled by a rapid decrease in cognitive functioning

107
Q

With oxygen brain tissue can become necrotic in ____ (time)

A

3-5 Minutes

108
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of tissue

109
Q

Infarct

A

Necrosis of brain tissue caused by lack of oxygen (sometimes used to refer to a specific type of stroke)

110
Q

Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident

Per year?

A

500,000

111
Q

Number of living stroke survivors in USA

A

2 million people

112
Q

Percent of people who return to their pre-stroke living environment, most with some impairment of the ADL’s

A

85%

113
Q

Stroke is the __ leading cause in the US

A

3rd

114
Q

First major classification of CVA

A

Ischemic 80%

115
Q

Ischemic

A

Occlusion within a artery causing decreased overall blood flow; artery walls stay intact.

116
Q

Types of Ischemic CVA

A

Thrombosis (insidious process)
Embolism (acute process)
TIA (Transient ischemic attack)

117
Q

Thrombosis

A

Insidious process

Gradual occlusion of artery, usually by plaque or fatty buildup in areas of slowed blood flow or bifurcation

118
Q

Embolism

A 
Acute Process
artery is 
occluded by a mass flowing in the 
bloodstream, often a disturbed piece of 
plaque or fatty buildup.
119
Q

Second major classification of CVA

A

Hemorrhagic (20%)

120
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Decreased overall blood flow caused by rupture in the vessel wall

121
Q

Types of hemorrhagic CVA

A

Intracerebral

Extracerebral

122
Q

Intracerebral __location

A

Often in region of brainstem

123
Q

Intracerebral ___

A

Aneurysm
Elevated blood pressure
AVM (arteriovenous malformation)

124
Q

Aneurysn

A

ballooning or weakness in vessel wall, usually genetically determined

125
Q

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

malformed or tangled mass of arteries and veins, usually genetically determined.

126
Q

Extracerebral hemorrhagic CVA

A

Bleeding into the space between the meninges often caused by TBI

127
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

bleeding between the dura mater and the skull

128
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

129
Q

Types of an Extracerebral hemorrhagic CVA

A

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

130
Q

Brain vulnerabilities: acute evens and processes

A

Brain requires constant supply of oxygen and glucose

Impact trauma & sudden acceleration or deceleration

131
Q

TBI Incidence in US

A

7 million incidents each year

132
Q

TBI common causes

A

2/3 caused by MVA

most of rest by falls and assault

133
Q

Prevalence of TBI

A

Occurs more often in Males than in Females

Most common 15-25 years of age

134
Q

Risk factors for TBI

A 
ž-Alcohol and drug abuse 
ž-School adjustment and social 
history 
ž-Socioeconomic status 
ž-Personality type: A>B 
ž-Previous history of TBI 
ž-Participation in sporting events
135
Q

Sports that present a higher risk for TBI

A
  1.   Boxing
  2.   Motorcycling
  3.   Bicycling
  4.   Rock-climbing
  5.   Horse-riding
  6.   Hockey
  7.   Football
136
Q

First major classification of TBI

A

Penetrating

137
Q

Penetrating TBI

A

Perforates or fractures the
skull and penetrates brain tissue.
•  Damage is often focal in nature
•  Mortality rate is high if in the brainstem area
•  However, if patient survives initial injury; prognosis for recovery is often surprisingly
good

138
Q

Second major classification of TBI

A

Non-Penetrating (Closed-head)

139
Q

Non penetrating TBI

A

Skull stays intact

140
Q

Types of Non-penetrating TBI

A

Non-acceleration injury

Acceleration injury

141
Q

Non-acceleration injury

A

Head is not moving at time of impact

142
Q

Type of non-acceleration injury

A

Impression trauma

143
Q

Impression Trauma

A

Skull deforms at point of impact

144
Q

Types of Acceleration Injury

A

Linear acceleration injury

Angular acceleration injury

145
Q

Linear acceleration injury

A

Linear path of acceleration through center axis

-coup/contre-coup

146
Q

Angular acceleration injury:

A

off-center acceleration causing rotation of skull and brain

-Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

147
Q

Insidious Processes (Types)

A 
Brain Tumors
Hydrocephalus
Infections
Toxictes
Metabolic disorders
Nutritional disorders
148
Q

Primary brain tumors common age

A

all ages

149
Q

Brain tumor type that are more common in adults

A

Metastic Brain Tumors

150
Q

Second most common cause of cancer death in children up to 15 years old

A

Primary Malignant brain tumors

151
Q

How common brain tumors are as cause of cancer death

A

second most common cause in people ages 15-34

third most common cause in males ages 35-54

152
Q

1990 Primary Malignant Brain Tumor stats

A

1.5% of all cancers diagnosed and 2% of the cancer deaths.

153
Q

Causes of a brain tumor

A

žThe cause of primary brain tumors is
unknown.
Environmental agents, familial tendencies, viral causes, and other
possibilities are under investigation.

154
Q

T/F Brain tumors are contagious

A

FALSE

155
Q

Intracranial Tumors

A

Abnormal growth of tissue mass

156
Q

Primary Intracranial Tumors

A

Originate at the site

157
Q

Secondary Intracranial Tumors

A

Travel to the site. The process by which tumors appear at a secondary site is called metastatic tumors

158
Q

Benign brain tumors

A

consists of benign (harmless) cells and has distinct boundaries. Surgery alone may cure this type of tumor

159
Q

Malignant brain tumor

A

ž  These tumor cells are life-threatening. It may be
malignant because it consists of cancer cells that metastasize, or it may be called malignant because of its location in the brain. Thus, a brain tumor composed of benign cells–but located in a
vital area–is still considered malignant.
ž  A malignant brain tumor will often metastasize to other locations in the brain or spinal cord, growing
the way a plant does, with “roots” invading various tissues. Or, they can shed cells that travel to distant
parts of the brain. Some cancerous tumors, however, remain localized. Such brain tumors seldom metastasize outside the brain and spinal cord.

160
Q

Common types of primary brain tumors

A 
ž  Most primary brain tumors originate from glial cells 
›  Astrocytomas 
›  Ependymomas 
›  Oligodendrogliomas 
ž  Meningiomas
161
Q

Meningiomas

A

Tumors that arise from the dura mater

162
Q

Acoustic Neuromas

A

ž  Arise from the Schwann cell sheath of the acoustic nerve. It is located in the angle between the
cerebellum and the pons, in the posterior fossa. This tumor grows very slowly.

163
Q

Occurance of Acoustic Neuromas

A

Occur in adults, particularly in
their middle years. Females are twice as likely to
have this tumor as males.

164
Q

Acoustic neuromas account for ____% of all brain tumors

A

9%

165
Q

Common symptoms of acoustic neuromas

A

loss of hearing in one ear and buzzing or ringing in the ear (tinnitus). If the tumor also affects the adjacent 7th nerve (facial nerve), facial paralysis and loss of facial sensation may occur. Other symptoms may include difficulty
in swallowing, impaired eye movement, and taste disturbances

166
Q

Treatment for brain tumors

A 
Surgical Resection
›  Scalpel 
›  Laser 
›  Ultrasonic aspiration 
Radiation therapy 
›  Beam 
›  Seeds 
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Genetic Therapy
167
Q

Types of Hydrocephalus

A

Obstructive

Nonobstructive

168
Q

Obstructive Hydrocephalus

  • where
  • treatment
  • description
A

›  Cerebral aquaduct (narrow passage between
the 3rd and 4th ventricles)
›  Causes increase in ICP (intracranial pressure)
›  Often treated by intraventricular shunt

169
Q

types of brain infections

A

Bacterial

Viral

170
Q

Bacterial Brain Infections

A

Bacterial Meningitis

Brain Abscess

171
Q

Bacterial memingitis

A

results in a swelling of the meninges

172
Q

Brain Abscess

A

bacteria, fungus, or parasites
introduced into the brain tissue, usually through
the nasal sinuses or middle ear.

173
Q

Viral Brain Infections

A

HIV

Rabies

174
Q

Toxcities

A

Drug Overdoses
Bacterial: tetanus, botulism
Metals: lead, mercury

175
Q

Types of Metabolic disorders

A

Severe Hypoglycemia

Thyroid Disorders

176
Q

Severe Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

177
Q

Thyroid Disorders

A

imbalance in thyroid
hormone, which helps cells convert glucose
into energy

178
Q

Nutritional Disorders

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Vitamin A Overdose

179
Q

žWernicke’s encephalopathy

A

caused by Thiamine deficiency

180
Q

Writing form Wernike’s Patients

A

Mostly in Cursive

181
Q

Writing form most common for Broca’s patients

A

Print

182
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Blocks bloodflow

183
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

bleeding into the brain

184
Q

Limbic System Parts

A 
Mammillary body
Pituitary
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Fornix
Cingulate Gyrus

Speech Anatomy COMD 320 (3 decks)

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