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Anatomy > Neuroanatomy 4 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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2
Q

What connects the brainstem to the cerebellum?

A

The 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior

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3
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

Between the posterior pons and the medulla ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally

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4
Q

What lobes is the cerebellum divided into?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe (contains a horizontal fissure) (is larger)
Divided by the primary fissure

Flocculonodular lobe - most ventral

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5
Q

What does the primary fissure seprarate?

A

The anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum on either side

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6
Q

What is the flocculonodular lobe made up of?

A

The flocculus(beneath the cerebellar peduncles)
and the nodule(found in the midline)

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7
Q

What divides the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

A midline structure called the vermis

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8
Q

What are the ‘gyri’ of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia - they are much smaller

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9
Q

Which lobe of the cerebellum is larger?

A

Posterior is larger than anterior
Flocculonodular is small as well

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10
Q

Where are the cerebellar tonsils located?

A

Beneath the middle cerebellar peduncles

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11
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebellum?

A

Spino-cerebellum
Cerebro-cerebellum
Vestibulo-cerebellum

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12
Q

For the spino-cerebellum what is the…
- anatomical part
- primary input
- cerebellar peduncle
- function

A
  • Vermis
  • spinocerebellar tracts
  • superior and inferior peduncles
  • correction and modulation of fine movements
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13
Q

For the cerebro-cerebellum what is the…
- anatomical part
- primary input
- cerebellar peduncle
- function

A
  • Lateral hemispheres
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Middle peduncles
  • Planning of coordinated movements
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14
Q

What is the function of…
- spino-cerebellum
- cerebro-cerebellum
- vestibulo-cerebellum

A
  • correction and modulation of fine movements
  • planning of coordinated movements
  • balance, posture, tone and stabilisation of eye movements
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15
Q

For the vesetibulo-cerebellum what is the…
- anatomical part
- primary input
- cerebellar peduncle
- function

A
  • flocculonodular lobe
  • vestibular system (inner ear)
  • inferior peduncle
  • Balance, posture, tone and stabilisation of eye movements
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16
Q

Which 3 paired arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar arteries
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

All 3 also supply the brainstem

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17
Q

Where do the superior cerebellar arteries originate from?

A

Branch from the basilar artery just before it bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries

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18
Q

Where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch from?

A

Most inferior part of the basilar artery
Just after it forms from the vertebral arteries

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19
Q

Where do the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries originate from?

A

Branch from the vertebral arteries
Before they merge to form the basilar artery

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20
Q

What does VANISHED stand for in cerebellar dysfunction?

A

V- vertigo
A- ataxia
N- nystagmus
I- intention tremor
S- slurred speech
H- hypotonia
E- exaggerated past-pointing
D- dysdiadochokinesia

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21
Q

What is cerebellar dysfunction?
What can it be caused by?
How are the symptom’s remembered?

A

Disruption to the cerebellum’s functions

Heavy alcohol consumption, lesion of the cerebellum such as a stroke or a tumor

VANISHED

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22
Q

What does V stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

VERTIGO
cerebellar function involves processing large amount of info from vestibular system like sense of balance or perception of movement

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23
Q

What does A stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

ATAXIA
Means poor coordination
Observe the patient’s gait - may appear unstable with a very wide step to stabilise themselves

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24
Q

What does N stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

NYSTAGMUS
Refers to subtle, rapid, backwards-and-forwards eye movements observed when closely looking at a patient’s eyes
Small amount of horizontal nystagmus may be normal
Vertical or rotational nystagmus is almost always abnormal
The cerebellum stabilises eye movements

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25
Q

What does I stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

INTENTION TREMOR
Tremor caused by cerebellar region is absent at rest and appears when a patient ‘intends’ to do something e.g. move arms, pick up
Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to correct and modulate fine movements to stabilise

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26
Q

What does S stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

SLURRED SPEECH
Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to coordinate fine movements inc those used in articulation of speech
So patients may have slurred speech

27
Q

What does H stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

HYPOTONIA
Lack of tone (muscles)
Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to maintain tone and posture (vestibulocerebellar)

28
Q

What does E stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

EXAGGERATED PAST-POINTING
Ask the patient to touch their nose then reach out to touch the tip of your finger
Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to coordinate rapid correctional eye movements so patients often ‘overshoot’ your finger tip and ‘point past’ it

29
Q

What does D stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA
(DDK)
Ask patient to rapidly alternate between touching the palmar and dorsal parts of their fingers onto the opposite palm
Cerebellar dysfunction means can’t coordinate this smoothly and can’t rapidly pronate and supinate their forearms, or miss the arm entirely

30
Q

What does VANISHED tell you about normal cerebellar functioning?

A

V - cerebellum helps in balance and coordination of movement
A - aids in coordination - stable gait
N - stabilises eye movements
I - corrects and modulates fine movements to stablise arm and hand
S - coordination of fine movements - inc muscles of speech
H - maintains tone and posture through vestibulocerebellum
E - performs rapid correctional movements
D - movements coordination - inc pronation and supination

31
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Primary connection between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
A group of commissural fibres

32
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Fibres that cross the commissure into the opposite cerebrum

33
Q

What are the midline structures of the brain?

A

Parts of the brain that are only visible when the brain is divided in the saggital plane - particularly part of the diencephalon e.g. thalamus, corpus callosum

34
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Part of diencephalon
Relay for numerous functions of the brain
Including motor, sensory, visual, auditory, cognitive, emotional pathways

35
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Immediately below the thalamus
Key to homeostasis
Controls numerous hormonal and endocrine functions and autonomic nervous system

36
Q

What is the pituitary gland and what is its function?

A

Sits at end of a stalk (infundibulum), in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, optic chiasm is immediately superior to it

Involved in hormone secretion, often controlled by hypothalamus

37
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain

38
Q

What is the pineal gland and what is its function?

A

Immediately posterior to the colliculi of the midbrain but part of the diencephalon

Secretes melatonin - controls sleep-wake cycle

39
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A

Sulcus separating the occipital lobe
Within it is the primary visual cortex

40
Q

What structures are in the limbic system?

A

Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyri
Cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus (cingulum)
Nucleus accumbens
Amygdala
Other - sections of the olfactory and insular cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus

41
Q

What is the basic function of the limbic system?

A

Plays a significant role in many important functions such as leaning, memory, emotional control

42
Q

What and where is the fornix?

A

What- White matter bundle that connects various structures in the limbic system esp hippocampus to mamillary bodies + anterior nuclei of thalamus

Where - similar in shape to but much smaller than the corpus callosum, rests over the thalamus

Part of the limbic system

43
Q

What and where are the mamillary bodies?

A

What - nuclei (may be involved in relay?)
Where - small, round nuclei located at the anterior tip of the fornix

Part of the limbic system

44
Q

What and where is the hippocampus?

A

What - integral in converting short-term to long-term memory

Where - in the temporal lobe
A more lateral structure, immediately inferior to the inferior horn of each lateral ventricle but closer to the is below the thalamus

Part of the limbic system

45
Q

What and where are the parahippocampal gyri?

A

Gyri of the temporal cortices, located next to the hippocampi

Part of the limbic system

46
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus?

A

Large gyrus and associated sulcus - fibres that travel from here to the other parts of the limbic system are called the cingulum

Immediately superior to the corpus callosum on both sides of the cerebrum

Part of the limbic system

47
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Fibres that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

48
Q

What is the cingulum?

A

Fibres that travel from the cingulate gyrus to other parts of the limbic system
Namely the parahippocampal gyrus
A group of association fibres
Part of the limbic system

49
Q

How is the limbic system involved in amnesia?

A

Esp the hippocampus, it is involved in memory formation and converting short-term to long-term

Head injury or disease that affects the limbic system may cause amnesia
Can be retrograde(can’t recall events prior) or anterograde amnesia (can’t create new memories after onset)

50
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Group of deep nuclei in the brain
Contribute to coordination, control and inhibition of motor function (substantia nigra inhibits BG’s [or striatums?] inhibition to control initiation of movement)

Very complex excitatory and inhibitory pathways are between each nucleus of the basal ganglia

51
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Parts throughout the cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain…
For each nucleus there is a left and right
- Caudate nucleus
- Globus pallidus
- Putamen
- Substantia nigra
- Subthalamic nucleus

52
Q

What are subsections within the basal ganglia?

A

lentiform nucleus - putamen and globus pallidus

striatum - caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

53
Q

Which structures are considered anatomically to be part of the basal ganglia but not part of the motor function?

A

They contribute to the limbic system instead
- nucleus accumbens
- amygdala

54
Q

What and where is the caudate nucleus?

A

What - c-shaped structure
Where - rests immediately medial to and follows the curvature of the lateral ventricle
Part of the basal ganglia

55
Q

What and where is the globus pallidus?

A

Triangular shaped nucleus
Divided into an external and internal part
Lies immediately medial to the putamen
Part of the basal ganglia

56
Q

What and where is the substantia nigra?

A

Black nucleus found in the midbrain
Produces dopamine
In the basal ganglia

57
Q

What is the subthalamic nucleus?

A

Small nucleus located inferior to the thalamus, but superior to the substantia nigra

Part of the basal ganglia

58
Q

What and where is the nucleus accumbens?

A

Where - anterior junction between the caudate nucleus and putamen
What - not a distinguishable structure, plays a role in reward systems and is a subject of research into addiction

Physiologically part of the limbic system, anatomically part of the basal ganglia

59
Q

What and where is the amygdala

A

What - Small, spherical nucleus involved in memory and emotional responses such as fear and anxiety
Where - tip of inferior horn of caudate nucleus

60
Q

What and where is the internal capsule?

A

What - bundle of white matter tracts, part of the route for majority of sensory and motor axons travelling to/from cortex
Projection fibres

Where - between thalamus and lentiform nucleus, look for ‘double V’ in transverse view

61
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Connect the cortex to deeper structures

62
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Axons that pass from the internal capsule to the cortex form the corona radiata.
They ‘radiate’ out of the internal capsule towards the cortex

63
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?
What are the symptoms?

A

Degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra
Reduction of impulses passing within basal ganglia, impairs the initiation and inhibition of movement

‘Pill-rolling resting tremor most common

Anatomy (18 decks)

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