Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Neuroanatomy 4 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What connects the brainstem to the cerebellum?

A

The 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

Between the posterior pons and the medulla ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What lobes is the cerebellum divided into?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe (contains a horizontal fissure) (is larger)
Divided by the primary fissure

Flocculonodular lobe - most ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the primary fissure seprarate?

A

The anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum on either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the flocculonodular lobe made up of?

A

The flocculus(beneath the cerebellar peduncles)
and the nodule(found in the midline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What divides the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

A midline structure called the vermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the ‘gyri’ of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia - they are much smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which lobe of the cerebellum is larger?

A

Posterior is larger than anterior
Flocculonodular is small as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are the cerebellar tonsils located?

A

Beneath the middle cerebellar peduncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebellum?

A

Spino-cerebellum
Cerebro-cerebellum
Vestibulo-cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

For the spino-cerebellum what is the…
- anatomical part
- primary input
- cerebellar peduncle
- function

A
  • Vermis
  • spinocerebellar tracts
  • superior and inferior peduncles
  • correction and modulation of fine movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

For the cerebro-cerebellum what is the…
- anatomical part
- primary input
- cerebellar peduncle
- function

A
  • Lateral hemispheres
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Middle peduncles
  • Planning of coordinated movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of…
- spino-cerebellum
- cerebro-cerebellum
- vestibulo-cerebellum

A
  • correction and modulation of fine movements
  • planning of coordinated movements
  • balance, posture, tone and stabilisation of eye movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

For the vesetibulo-cerebellum what is the…
- anatomical part
- primary input
- cerebellar peduncle
- function

A
  • flocculonodular lobe
  • vestibular system (inner ear)
  • inferior peduncle
  • Balance, posture, tone and stabilisation of eye movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which 3 paired arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar arteries
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

All 3 also supply the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do the superior cerebellar arteries originate from?

A

Branch from the basilar artery just before it bifurcates into the posterior cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch from?

A

Most inferior part of the basilar artery
Just after it forms from the vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries originate from?

A

Branch from the vertebral arteries
Before they merge to form the basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does VANISHED stand for in cerebellar dysfunction?

A

V- vertigo
A- ataxia
N- nystagmus
I- intention tremor
S- slurred speech
H- hypotonia
E- exaggerated past-pointing
D- dysdiadochokinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cerebellar dysfunction?
What can it be caused by?
How are the symptom’s remembered?

A

Disruption to the cerebellum’s functions

Heavy alcohol consumption, lesion of the cerebellum such as a stroke or a tumor

VANISHED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does V stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

VERTIGO
cerebellar function involves processing large amount of info from vestibular system like sense of balance or perception of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does A stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

ATAXIA
Means poor coordination
Observe the patient’s gait - may appear unstable with a very wide step to stabilise themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does N stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)

A

NYSTAGMUS
Refers to subtle, rapid, backwards-and-forwards eye movements observed when closely looking at a patient’s eyes
Small amount of horizontal nystagmus may be normal
Vertical or rotational nystagmus is almost always abnormal
The cerebellum stabilises eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does I stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)
INTENTION TREMOR Tremor caused by cerebellar region is absent at rest and appears when a patient 'intends' to do something e.g. move arms, pick up Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to correct and modulate fine movements to stabilise
26
What does S stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)
SLURRED SPEECH Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to coordinate fine movements inc those used in articulation of speech So patients may have slurred speech
27
What does H stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)
HYPOTONIA Lack of tone (muscles) Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to maintain tone and posture (vestibulocerebellar)
28
What does E stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)
EXAGGERATED PAST-POINTING Ask the patient to touch their nose then reach out to touch the tip of your finger Dysfunctional cerebellum unable to coordinate rapid correctional eye movements so patients often 'overshoot' your finger tip and 'point past' it
29
What does D stand for in VANISHED? (cerebellar dysfunction)
DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA (DDK) Ask patient to rapidly alternate between touching the palmar and dorsal parts of their fingers onto the opposite palm Cerebellar dysfunction means can't coordinate this smoothly and can't rapidly pronate and supinate their forearms, or miss the arm entirely
30
What does VANISHED tell you about normal cerebellar functioning?
V - cerebellum helps in balance and coordination of movement A - aids in coordination - stable gait N - stabilises eye movements I - corrects and modulates fine movements to stablise arm and hand S - coordination of fine movements - inc muscles of speech H - maintains tone and posture through vestibulocerebellum E - performs rapid correctional movements D - movements coordination - inc pronation and supination
31
What is the corpus callosum?
Primary connection between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum A group of commissural fibres
32
What are commissural fibres?
Fibres that cross the commissure into the opposite cerebrum
33
What are the midline structures of the brain?
Parts of the brain that are only visible when the brain is divided in the saggital plane - particularly part of the diencephalon e.g. thalamus, corpus callosum
34
What is the thalamus?
Part of diencephalon Relay for numerous functions of the brain Including motor, sensory, visual, auditory, cognitive, emotional pathways
35
What is the hypothalamus?
Immediately below the thalamus Key to homeostasis Controls numerous hormonal and endocrine functions and autonomic nervous system
36
What is the pituitary gland and what is its function?
Sits at end of a stalk (infundibulum), in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, optic chiasm is immediately superior to it Involved in hormone secretion, often controlled by hypothalamus
37
What is the infundibulum?
Stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain
38
What is the pineal gland and what is its function?
Immediately posterior to the colliculi of the midbrain but part of the diencephalon Secretes melatonin - controls sleep-wake cycle
39
What is the calcarine sulcus?
Sulcus separating the occipital lobe Within it is the primary visual cortex
40
What structures are in the limbic system?
Fornix Mammillary bodies Hippocampus Parahippocampal gyri Cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus (cingulum) Nucleus accumbens Amygdala Other - sections of the olfactory and insular cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus
41
What is the basic function of the limbic system?
Plays a significant role in many important functions such as leaning, memory, emotional control
42
What and where is the fornix?
What- White matter bundle that connects various structures in the limbic system esp hippocampus to mamillary bodies + anterior nuclei of thalamus Where - similar in shape to but much smaller than the corpus callosum, rests over the thalamus Part of the limbic system
43
What and where are the mamillary bodies?
What - nuclei (may be involved in relay?) Where - small, round nuclei located at the anterior tip of the fornix Part of the limbic system
44
What and where is the hippocampus?
What - integral in converting short-term to long-term memory Where - in the temporal lobe A more lateral structure, immediately inferior to the inferior horn of each lateral ventricle but closer to the is below the thalamus Part of the limbic system
45
What and where are the parahippocampal gyri?
Gyri of the temporal cortices, located next to the hippocampi Part of the limbic system
46
What is the cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus?
Large gyrus and associated sulcus - fibres that travel from here to the other parts of the limbic system are called the cingulum Immediately superior to the corpus callosum on both sides of the cerebrum Part of the limbic system
47
What are association fibres?
Fibres that connect different parts of the same hemisphere
48
What is the cingulum?
Fibres that travel from the cingulate gyrus to other parts of the limbic system Namely the parahippocampal gyrus A group of association fibres Part of the limbic system
49
How is the limbic system involved in amnesia?
Esp the hippocampus, it is involved in memory formation and converting short-term to long-term Head injury or disease that affects the limbic system may cause amnesia Can be retrograde(can't recall events prior) or anterograde amnesia (can't create new memories after onset)
50
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Group of deep nuclei in the brain Contribute to coordination, control and inhibition of motor function (substantia nigra inhibits BG's [or striatums?] inhibition to control initiation of movement) Very complex excitatory and inhibitory pathways are between each nucleus of the basal ganglia
51
What is the basal ganglia made up of?
Parts throughout the cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain... For each nucleus there is a left and right - Caudate nucleus - Globus pallidus - Putamen - Substantia nigra - Subthalamic nucleus
52
What are subsections within the basal ganglia?
lentiform nucleus - putamen and globus pallidus striatum - caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
53
Which structures are considered anatomically to be part of the basal ganglia but not part of the motor function?
They contribute to the limbic system instead - nucleus accumbens - amygdala
54
What and where is the caudate nucleus?
What - c-shaped structure Where - rests immediately medial to and follows the curvature of the lateral ventricle Part of the basal ganglia
55
What and where is the globus pallidus?
Triangular shaped nucleus Divided into an external and internal part Lies immediately medial to the putamen Part of the basal ganglia
56
What and where is the substantia nigra?
Black nucleus found in the midbrain Produces dopamine In the basal ganglia
57
What is the subthalamic nucleus?
Small nucleus located inferior to the thalamus, but superior to the substantia nigra Part of the basal ganglia
58
What and where is the nucleus accumbens?
Where - anterior junction between the caudate nucleus and putamen What - not a distinguishable structure, plays a role in reward systems and is a subject of research into addiction Physiologically part of the limbic system, anatomically part of the basal ganglia
59
What and where is the amygdala
What - Small, spherical nucleus involved in memory and emotional responses such as fear and anxiety Where - tip of inferior horn of caudate nucleus
60
What and where is the internal capsule?
What - bundle of white matter tracts, part of the route for majority of sensory and motor axons travelling to/from cortex Projection fibres Where - between thalamus and lentiform nucleus, look for 'double V' in transverse view
61
What are projection fibres?
Connect the cortex to deeper structures
62
What is the corona radiata?
Axons that pass from the internal capsule to the cortex form the corona radiata. They 'radiate' out of the internal capsule towards the cortex
63
What causes Parkinson's disease? What are the symptoms?
Degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra Reduction of impulses passing within basal ganglia, impairs the initiation and inhibition of movement 'Pill-rolling resting tremor most common

Anatomy (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions