Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Acute onset of paralysis and sensory loss in leg, lack of initiative, urinary incontinence is caused by occlusion in this vascular territory.
Anterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion causes this syndrome.
Facial droop, arm weakness, face/arm sensation loss, expressive aphasia, is caused by an occlusion of this vascular territory.
Occlusion of the superior division of the MCA which serves the sensory cortex, motor cortex, Broca’s area (inferior frontal gyrus) if it is on the dominant hemisphere will cause these symptoms.
Explain the anatomy and function of the rubrospinal tract
It is an extra-pyramidal tract that is a major motor control pathway, for upper limbs only. It facilitates flexion of upper ext and therefore plays a role in decorticate posturing. It originates in the red nucleus of the bidbrain, then crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum. It runs very laterally
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/133/011/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402363)
Describe intracerebral venous circulation
There are essentially 3 drainages:
1) Superficial drainage from the dural venous sinuses: The superior sagittal sinus drains to the torcula
2) Deep drainage: the inferior sagittal sinus and the thalamostriates -> vein of galen (aka great cerebral vein) both drain into the straight sinus which then drains into the torcula.
The anastamosis of Trolard goes between the deep and the superficial circulation. Labbe drains into the transverse sinus.
From the torcula, the drainage passes through the transverse sinus and into the sigmoid, then into the jugular and the superior vena cava.
3) The Cavernous sinus drains to the petrosal sinus, then directly into the sigmoid and into the jugular vein.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/137/488/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402364)
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
1) Striatum (caudate - oculomotor and prefrontal information - and putamen)
2) Globus pallidus
3) Substantia nigra
4) Subthalamic nucleus
Limbic sector - involved with reward learning; highly addictive drugs including cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine work here:
1) Nucleus accumbens - receives input from limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex. Anticipates rewards and is implicated in substance abuse and addiction
2) Ventral pallidum
3) Ventral tegmental area
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/145/330/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402374)
Embryologically, what is derived from the basal vs the alar plate?
A is behind B
Alar: Sensory tracts. Also olivary nuclei and solitary nuclei. Superior and inferior colliculi
Basal: Motor tracts such as the hypoglossal nucleus. Red nuclei, CN III and IV nuclei, reticular nuclei, substantia nigra
What syndrome and anatomic area is involved in a patient with socially inappropriate behaviors as well as poor impulse control with disinhibition?
Orbitofrontal syndrome
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/156/302/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402390)
What syndrome and antomic correlate are involved in dysexecutive symptoms?
The “lateral convexity” syndrome, AKA dorsolateral or prefrontal
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/159/249/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402392)
What syndrome and anatomic correlate are associated with amotivation?
Mesial Frontal Syndrome (such as is seen in ACA stroke)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/159/945/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402393)
Which cranial nerves carry general visceral efferent information?
- Oculomotor - Edinger-Westphal nucleus supplies parasympathetics to the eye via the ciliary ganglion controlling the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles (pupillary constriction and accomodation)
- Facial - parasympathetic fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands via the chorda tympani, increasing salivary flow. Also parasympathetics to nasal mucosa and lacrimal gland via pterygopalatine ganglion.
- Glossopharyngeal - parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland
- Vagal - dorsal nucleus gives parasympathetic output to the viscera, i.e. intestines. Nucleus ambiguus gives parasympathetics to the heart
Where is the spinal cord vulnerable to vascular insult?
T1-T4 is the vascular boundary zone between ascending and descending sources of blood supply to the spinal cord. The great anterior artery of Adamkiewicz arises between T9 and L2 and supplies the lumbar enlargement.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/161/465/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402398)
Where besides the frontal lobe can frontal syndromes be caused?
The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus. It provides innervation to the whole prefrontal cortex including the paralimbic orbitofrontal region and the associative dorsolateral region. You can get disinhibition and poor executive function with dorsomedial thalamus lesions. If you get an anterior nucleus of the thalamus lesion you get amnesia but not a frontal syndrome.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/162/211/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402400)
What arterial territory is this, and what structures are affected?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/163/098/q_image_thumb.jpg?1659429850)
This is the anterior choroidal artery territory that arises from the ICA. It feeds the globus pallidus, putamen, and PLIC.
Syndrome is hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and hemianopia contralateral to the side of the lesion
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/163/098/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402403)
Stroke syndrome involving hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and hemianopia contralateral to side of lesion
anterior choroidal artery infarct
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/163/569/a_image_thumb.jpg?1659402405)
Describe the hippocampal projections
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/163/686/q_image_thumb.jpg?1659429854)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/023/163/686/a_image_thumb.gif?1659402406)
The entorhinal cortex projects to the dentate.
The dentate gyrus consists of 3 layers of neurons: molecular, granular, and polymorphic. The middle layer is most prominent and contains granule cells that project via mossy fibers to CA3 of the hippocampus, which in turn projects to CA1