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Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What do the neural tube and neural crest become?

A

Neural tube = CNS

Neural crest = PNS & DRG (dorsal root ganglia)

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1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
(Embryonic germ layers)

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2
Q

What does the notochord do?

A

Induces the formation of the neural plate
Stimulates mesoderm cells
Stimulates vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers in the CLOSED neural tube?

A

Ventricular (ependymal)
Mantle
Marginal

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4
Q

What does the Sulcus Limitans do?

A

Divides alar and basal plates

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5
Q

What are alar and basal plates?

A

Alar plate - dorsal horns (grey matter)

Basal plate - ventral horns

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6
Q

What’s in the white matter (neurone wise)?

A

Myelinated axons and Funculi

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7
Q

What’s in the grey matter (neurone wise)?

A

Cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

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8
Q

What’s in the Funculi (dorsal and lateral)?

A

Dorsal - sensory fibres
Gracile (hindlimb)
Cuneate (forelimb)

Lateral - mixed sensory and motor

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9
Q

Where will you find SHH and BMPs (sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenic proteins)?

A

Ventral and dorsal neural tubes respectively
SHH secreted from notochord & floor plate
BMP secreted from superficial ectoderm and roof plate

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10
Q

Which neurones are received in the dorsal horn?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory (afferent) neurones

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11
Q

Which neurones are in the lateral horn?

A 
Preganglionic cell bodies
Autonomic motor (visceral efferent)
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12
Q

Which neurones are in the ventral horn?

A

Cell bodies of somatic motor (efferent) neurones

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13
Q

Are the telencephalon and diencephalon forebrain or hindbrain?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

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14
Q

What is the proper name for the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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15
Q

What is in the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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16
Q

Which part of the brain has deep nuclei, controls initiation of movement (basal ganglia) and establishes memory and emotion (limbic system)?

A

The cerebrum which is also the largest part if the brain

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17
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

What does it do?

A

Dorsal surface of pons (it’s highly folded)

It refines movement and coordination

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18
Q

What is found in the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
White and grey matter
(Many ridges gyri & sulci)

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19
Q

What separates the primary motor cortex from the primary sensory cortex?

A

Cruciate sulcus

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20
Q

What is the Sylvian Gyrus?

A

Auditory receiving area

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21
Q

What is the path of blood through the head?

A

Arteries –> meninges –> capillaries/neuronal extracellular fluid & CSF –> used blood to venous sinuses –> veins –> heart

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22
Q

What vessels supply the Circle of Willis

A
  • Internal carotid arteries x2
  • External carotid then maxillary x2 (anastamosing ramus)
  • Vertebral arteries, rate mirabilis, internal carotid
  • Vertebral & spinal through basilar artery direct
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23
Q

5 blood supplies from the Circle of Willis?

A 
Rostral cerebral
Middle cerebral
Caudal cerebral
Rostral cerebellar
Caudal cerebellar
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24
Q

Which animals is rete mirabilia present in?

A 
Sheep
Goat
Of
Pig
Ruminants
Dogs (cavernous sinus)
Cats (extracranially)
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25
Q

In which animal is Circle of Willis mainly supplied by maxillary artery?

A

Cats
The internal carotid becomes vestigial.
(Sheep, cows & pigs also lose internal carotid)

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26
Q

Which animals supply CoW mainly through internal carotid and basilar arteries?

A

Dog

Man

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27
Q

Which animal has mixed blood in entire brain (from maxillary and vertebral)

A

The ox

(As both vessels supply the Circle of Willis

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28
Q

Which blood vessels are in the spinal cord?

A

Ventral spinal artery (on ventral superficial surface)
Dorsal spinal arteries (dorsolateral surface)
Linked by anastamosing arteries

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29
Q

Which molecules are actively transported across the blood brain barrier?

A

Glucose
Ketone bodies
H20 (aquaporins)

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30
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Regulate the blood brain barrier.

Astrocyte feet surround the brain capillaries and contribute to formation and maintenance of bbb complex.

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31
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A 
Dura mater (outer) - thick, tough, wraps brain and spine.
2 layers, in the gap = venous sinuses

Arachnoid - thinner, underlying “subarachnoid space” filled with CSF, expanded regions = cisterns

Pia - thin, delicate, follows brain surface, highly vascularised

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32
Q

What is CSF?

A

Saline containing very few cells and a little protein.

It is derived from blood in choroid plexuses of ventricles.

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33
Q

How does CSF drain?

A

Arachnoid villi
Absorption by venules in pia/spinal veins/lymphatics
Direct drainage from subarachnoid and venous sinuses

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34
Q

What are signs of disease in CSF?

A

Increased protein –> nonspecific CNS disease
Decreased glucose –> bacterial/fungal meningitis
Abnormal cell count (above 0) –> pleocytosis

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35
Q

Main sinuses?

A

Dorsal sagittal sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus

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36
Q

Important veins

A

Int. cerebral
Vertebral
Int. jugular
Int. maxillary

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37
Q

3 types of neurone (_____polar)?

A

Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudo-unipolar

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38
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

Neuronal support cells

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39
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Produce myelin

Neuronal guidance

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40
Q

What are microglia?

A

The brain’s macrophages

They are 20% of cellular volume

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41
Q

What do Ependymal cells do?

A

Line the ventricles

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42
Q

What are the 2 modes of exocytosis?

A

Recycling

Kiss and run

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43
Q

What does Ionotrophic mean?

What does metabotrophic mean?

A

Fast, ligand-gated (0.1ms delay)

Slower, G-protein coupled (10ms delay)

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44
Q

What should you do in the event of epilepsy?

A

Depress synaptic activity

Increase GABA release or effectiveness
Decrease glutamate release or effectiveness
Decrease GABA uptake
Intro analogues of GABA

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45
Q

What is decussation?

A

Nerve tract crossing from one side of the animal to the other

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46
Q

Define nociception

A

Sensing a stimulus that is meant to evoke pain

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47
Q

Where are primary sensory neurone cells bodies found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion (just outside the cord)

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48
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain felt in a different place to the actual injury.

Visceral pain typically felt in skin/muscle

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49
Q

What does the Spinothalamic tract do?

A

It transmits information to the thalamus about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch.

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50
Q

Explain referred pain

A

Visceral and dorsal horns = very close to ascending pain fibres or SHARE some ascending fibres.
Therefore, the brain cannot distinguish the 2 sources

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51
Q

Where do pain and temperature ascending pathways cross?

A

Spinal cord

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52
Q

What are the 3 ascending pathways (somatosensory system)?

A

Dorsal column
Ventrolateral
Spinocerebellar

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53
Q

Where do touch and proprioception ascending pathways cross?

A

Medulla

54
Q

What is the dorsal column famous for?

A

Touch discrimination

55
Q

Which tracts does the Ventrolateral ascending pathway contain?

A

Spinothalamic - Pinprick & thermal pain
Spinoreticular - True pain

(Spinothalamic means spine to thalamus direct via medial lemniscus)
(Spinoreticular means spine to reticular formation then thalamus)

56
Q

What modalities does the Ventrolateral pathway accept?

A

All except proprioception

ESPECIALLY PAIN.

57
Q

What is the spinocerebellar tract for?

A

Postural reflexes

Muscle and joint proprioceptors

58
Q

Steps in an ordinary conscious response starting with stimulus?

A 
Stimulus
Transmission to brain
Integration (thinking) 
Motor response selection
Movement (transmission of response)
59
Q

Segmental reflex sequence of events?

A

Stimulus
Processed locally in spinal cord segment
Response evoked without brain

60
Q

Intersegmental reflex

A 
Stimulus
Transmission to brain stem (or another segment)
Integration in brain stem/other segment
Motor response selection
Transmission to limbs
Response
61
Q

Examples of segmental/short loop reflexes

A

Patellar reflex

Withdrawal reflex

62
Q

Examples of intersegmental reflexes

A

Long loop
Tonic neck reflex
Scratching left ear with hind paw

63
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Ability to sense position, location and orientation of body and it’s parts

64
Q

What are mechanoreceptors used for?

A

Touch
Proprioception
Kinaesthesia

65
Q

Details of Meissner corpuscle

A

Perception: Flutter
Small receptive field
Rapidly adapting
Found in superficial epidermal/dermal boundary

66
Q

Details of Pacinian corpuscle

A

Perception: Vibration
Large receptive field
Rapidly adapting
Found deep in smooth skin (dermis & subcutaneous)

67
Q

Details of Merkel disk

A

Perception: Pressure
Slowly adapting
Small receptive field
Epidermis of smooth & hairy skin

68
Q

Details of Ruffini organ

A

Perception: Stretch
Large receptive field
Slowly adapting
Found in deep skin

69
Q

What do orthodromic and antidromic mean?

A

Impulse travelling in normal direction and reverse direction respectively

70
Q

Why is pain from inflammation increased?

A

Lewis’ Triple Response

Antidromic neurotransmission

71
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves in order

OOOTTAFVGVAH

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibular
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
72
Q

What is the olfactory nerve responsible for?

A

Autonomic sensory smell

73
Q

What is the optic nerve responsible for?

A

Autonomic sensory vision

74
Q

What is the occulomotor nerve responsible for?

A

Autonomic motor iris

Somatic motor eye & lid

75
Q

What is the trochlear nerve responsible for?

A

Somatic motor eye

76
Q

What sis the trigeminal nerve responsible for?

A

Somatic sensory face

Special chew

77
Q

What is the abducens nerve responsible for?

A

Somatic motor eye

78
Q

What is the facial nerve responsible for?

A

Autonomic sensory tip-taste
Somatic motor ear
Special smile

79
Q

What is the vestibular nerve responsible for?

A

Aka auditory

Autonomic sensory hear & balance

80
Q

What is the glossopharyngeal nerve responsible for?

A 
Autonomic sensory back-taste
Blood pressure
Autonomic motor saliva 
Somatic motor neck
Special neck
81
Q

What is the vagus nerve responsible for?

A

Autonomic sensory visceral pain
Autonomic motor viscera
Somatic motor throat
Special throat

82
Q

What is the accessory nerve responsible for?

A

Somatic motor neck/throat

Special neck

83
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerve responsible for?

A

Somatic motor tongue

84
Q

Reflex to test cranial nerve I, olfactory?

A

Aversion

Something smelly under nose –> reaction

85
Q

Reflex to test cranial nerve II, optic?

A

Menace

Does animal blink as hand approaches

86
Q

Reflex to test cranial nerve III, occulomotor?

A

Pupil constriction

87
Q

What causes a strabismus?

A

Damage to cranial nerve III, IV, VI

88
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for droopy jaw?

A

V, trigeminal

89
Q

Reflex to test cranial nerve VI, trigeminal?

A

Touch palpebral, blink

90
Q

What is the labyrinth?

A

Vestibular apparatus

91
Q

What does the labyrinth do?

A

Detects movement and angle of head with respect to gravity

92
Q

What are the 2 components of the labyrinth?

A

Semicircular canals - with ampullae containing hair cells to detect rotation

Otoliths - with utricles and sacculi (also contain hair cells) detect head acceleration with respect to gravity

93
Q

How do hair cells in the labyrinth work?

A

Have stereocilia which make contact with endolymph solution

They are depolarised and hyperpolarised by movement

94
Q

What is Nystagmus?

A

Involuntary eye movements

95
Q

3 tunics in the eye?

A

Inside - Out

Retina
Vascular (uvea)
Fibrous

96
Q

What are retinal neuroepithelial cells?

A

Rods and cones

97
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

Axons of retinal ganglion cells

98
Q

What happens when the choroid fissure doesn’t fuse properly?

A

Haemorrhage, blindness.

E.g. Collie eye anomaly

99
Q

Where do the eyes develop from?

A

Neural tube region containing retinas - optic cups
Ectoderm of forebrain
Neural tube closes
Optic vesicles grow towards surface ectoderm & thicken –> lens placodes.

100
Q

What does the outer optic cup layer become?

A

Pigmented retina & inner nervous retina

101
Q

What is the cornea derived from?

A

Mesoderm and surface ectoderm

102
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A

Pigment layer - epithelial cells

Nervous layer - 3 layers inc light sensitive cells

103
Q

What is the path of visual data processing?

A 
Pigmented epithelial cells
Photoreceptors cells
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells 
(Opposite way = path of light through retina)
104
Q

What is the Fovea?

Where is it?

A

Area of greatest visual clarity
1:1 synaptic contact
Bipolar ganglion cells displaced (easy for light to pass through)
Only cones
Fovea is found straight behind the lens with high density cones and no blood vessels

105
Q

Blind spot

A

Axons from optic nerve II at the optic disk

Where ganglion cells leave retina (no sensory cells)

106
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Vascular layer
Vessels branches/offshoots to supply photoreceptor layer of retina
It is heavily pigmented

107
Q

What do central vessels supply in the eye?

A

Bipolar and ganglion layers of the retina

108
Q

What do choroid vessels in the eye supply?

A

Photoreceptor layer of retina

109
Q

What is the Tapetum Lucidium?

A

Cells containing crystals lying between pigment layer and choroid
It is a triangular area of greenish yellow light reflecting iridescent cells lying dorsal to the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

110
Q

What is found in the vitreous chamber?

A

Vitreous humour

111
Q

Characteristics of the sclera

Characteristics of the cornea

A

White, highly fibrous, elastic

Continuous with sclera

112
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

Where photoreceptors end

113
Q

What happens in the lens for distance vision?

A

Relaxed ciliary body
Lens fibres taut
Lens flat

114
Q

What happens in the lens for close vision?

A

Ciliary body contracted
Fibres slack
Spherical lens

115
Q

Formation and drainage of aqueous humour in the eye

A

It is formed by filtration of blood plasma by ciliary processes

Fluid leaks through the pupil from posterior to anterior chamber

Fluid returns to the circulation via venous plexus at the transition between cornea and sclera

116
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Lens becomes cloudy due to age genetics or diabetes

Can be accompanied by displacement. Of lens from normal into anterior chamber (lens luxation)

117
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Raised intraocular pressure
Aqueous humour drainage blocked & production continues
Blindness - pressure impedes circulation killing off retinal cells & can compress and damage optic nerve

Treat with drugs diffused into the eye to decrease humour secretion

118
Q

Cell types in cornea?

A 
Conjunctival epithelium 
Limbus
Anterior epithelium of cornea 
Corneal fibrocyte
Substantia propria
119
Q

Describe the anterior epithelium

A

Moderately thin, Stratified, Non keratinised, Squamous epithelium

120
Q

Describe substantia propria

A

Thick, dense, collagen in thin layers

121
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

Dry eye
Autoimmune failure of tear production

Treat with immunosuppressant & artificial tears

122
Q

How would you treat corneal ulceration?

A

Conjunctival pedicel graft

123
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of conjuntival membranes

Viral & bacterial infection

124
Q

What is cerumen?

A

Ear wax

125
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of the ear canal

Caused by mites or bacterial/fungal infection

126
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Transmits sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear

127
Q

What does the ear drum do?

A

Convey’s sound vibrations from ear canal to ossicles

128
Q

What is the Tympanic Bulla

A

Air filled cavity

129
Q

What does the auditory tube do?

A

Connects nasopharynx to middle ear & equalises pressure on both sides of drum

130
Q

What are ossicles?

What is their function?

A

The stirrup, anvil and hammer
Tiny flexible chain connecting drum to oval window
Convert middle ear vibration to electrochemical signals
(Balance, sensing position of head in space)

131
Q

What is in the bony labyrinth?

A

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

132
Q

What is in the membranous labyrinth (which is inside the bony labyrinth)

A 
Utricles and saccules (inside vestibule) - balance
Semicircular ducts (inside canals) - balance
Cochlear duct (in cochlea) - hearing
133
Q

Where is the Organ of Corti?

What does it do?

A

It is found In the round window

It transducers pressure waves to action potentials

Neuroscience (2 decks)

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