neuroanatomy Flashcards
what is the CNS made up of
- brain
- spinal cord
what is the PNS made up of
nerves - motor pathways, sensory pathways
what are the 3 main parts of the brain
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brain stem
what is contralateral
on the opposite side
what is ipsilateral
on the same side
what percentage of blood flow from the heart does the brain receive
20%
what is the top part of the brain known as
dorsal/superior
what is the front of the brain called
rostral/anterior
what is the bottom of the brain called
ventral/inferior
what is the back of the brain called
caudal/posterior
what does medial mean
towards the middle
what does lateral mean
towards the side
what plane is parallel to the forehead
frontal/coronal
what plane is the side view
sagittal
what plane is parallel to the ground
horizontal
what does the grey matter consist of
cell bodies and dendrites
what does the white matter consist of
- myelinated axons
- corpus collosum
what is the corpus collosum
a pathway that connects left and right side of hemispheres
what are meninges
3 layers of tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord
what are the 3 types of meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid membrane
- pia matter
what is cerebrospinal fluid
a clear liquid that fills the subarachnoid space
- functions are shock absorber and buoyancy
what are ventricles
- hollow cavities that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
what is the blood brain barrier
a semipermeable membrane
- lipid soluble substances can pass through
- substances with larger molecules must be actively transported through walls
what is the purpose of the blood brain barrier
- maintain a stable environment
- protection from potentially disrupting chemicals
what is the cerebral cortex
outer surface of the cerebrum
how thick is the cerebral cortex
3mm
what are sulci in the cerebral cortex
clefts/cracks/grooves
what are fissures in the cerebral cortex
major grooves
what are gyri in the cerebral cortex
folds/bulges
what are the 4 lobes in the cerebral cortex
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
what are the major sulci and gyri
- central sulcus
- precentral gyrus
- postcentral gyrus
- sylvian fissure
where is the frontal lobe
anterior area of the cortex, rostral to parietal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
how is the frontal lobe divided from the parietal lobe
the central sulcus
what is the function of the frontal lobe
motor and cognition
where is the parietal lobe
caudal to frontal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
what is the function of the parietal lobe
somatosensory
where is the occipital lobe
caudal to parietal and temporal lobes
what is the function of the occipital lobe
vision
where is the temporal lobe
rostral to occipital lobe and ventral to parietal and frontal lobe
what are the functions of the temporal lobe
- hearing
- vision
- cognition
- emotion
what are the primary areas of the brain (cortex’s)
- primary somatosensory
- primary visual
- primary auditory
- primary motor
what lobe is the motor cortex
frontal
what lobe is the somatosensory
- parietal
what lobe is the visual cortex
temporal and occipital
what lobe is the auditory cortex in
temporal
what are the 2 subdivisions of the forebrain/prosencephalon
- telencephalon - end brain
- diencephalon - interbrain
what are the principle structures of the telencephalon
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
what are the principle structures of the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
what are the principle structures of the midbrain/mesencephalon
- tectum
- tegmentum
what are the 2 subdivisions of the hindbrain/rhombencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
what are the principle structures of the metencephalon
- cerebellum
- pons
what are the principle structures of the myelencephalon
- medulla oblongata
what is the basal ganglia
- collection of nuclei
what are the parts of the basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
what are the caudate nucleus and the putamen called together
- striatum - looks stripy
what can lesions in the basal ganglia cause
- parkinson’s
- huntington’s
what is within the limbic system
- limbic cortex
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- fornix
- mammillary bodies
what is the limbic system important for
- emotion
- learning/memory
what is the amygdala important for
- emotional memory
- fear-related behaviour
- SM amygdala damage from calcium - didn’t show fear in scary situations
where is the hippocampus located
temporal lobe
what is the hippocampus important for
consolidating memory
- patient H.M
spatial navigation
what is the thalamus
- two lobes separated by massa intermedia
- receives info from and sends info to the cortex
what is the thalamus divided into
- lateral geniculate nucleus
- medial geniculate nucleus
- ventrolateral nucleus
what is the hypothalamus
- controls autonomic nervous system
- connected to pituitary gland
what is the tectum made up of
- superior colliculi - visual processing
- inferior colliculi - auditory processing
what is the tegmentum made up of
- reticular formation
- periaqueductal gray matter
- red nucleus
- substance nigra
what is the reticular formation
- net like structure of grey and white matter important for sleep, attention, arousal and movement
what is the periaqueductal grey matter
- involved in species typical behaviour
what is the red nucleus
important for linv movement
what is the substantia nigra
- important for initiating movement
what are pons
- bridge - relays info from cortex to cerebellum
- important for sleep and arousal
what is the cerebellum important for
- coordination of movement
- 2 hemispheres - big surface area
- receives info and integrates it and modifies the motor output
what is the medulla oblongata
- regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus
