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Limbs > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Components of CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Components of PNS

A

Cranial nerves - 31 pairs
Ganglia outside of the CNS

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3
Q

Somatic

A

Proving sensation to the body wall

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4
Q

When do additional vesicles appear in the primary vesicle?

A

Around 6-8 weeks

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4
Q

Autonomic

A

Not present outside and maintains the internal environment of the body

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5
Q

3 swellings of primary vesicle

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

What does the prosencephalon develop into?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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7
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

It remains as the mesencephalon

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8
Q

What does the rhombencephalon develop into?

A

Metancpehalon and mylencephalon

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9
Q

Embryological division of cerebral hemispheres

A

Telencephalon

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10
Q

Embryological division of thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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11
Q

Embryological division of midbrian

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

Embryological division of pons and cerebellum

A

Metancephalon

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13
Q

Embryological division of medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon

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14
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

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15
Q

Descibe the horizontal plane

A

Superior and inferior portions of the brain

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16
Q

Describe the coronal plane of the brain

A

Anterior and posterior portions of the brain

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17
Q

Describe the sagittal plane of the brain

A

Right and left portions of the brain

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18
Q

Functional divisions of the nervous system

A

Sensory - afferent division
Motor - efferent division

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19
Q

Sensory afferent division of NS

A

Carries sensory information to the CNS

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20
Q

Motor efferent division of NS

A

Carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands

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21
Q

Major structures and regions of the CNS

A

Brain: Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
Spinal cord: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal segments

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22
Q

Commissural tracts

A

Connect corresponding regions of the two cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

Association tracts

A

Connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere

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24
Q

Projection white matter tract

A

Connects the cortex with the spinal cord and brain stem

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25
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

oLFACTORY

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26
Q

CNII

A

Optic

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27
Q

CNIII

A

Oculomotor

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28
Q

CNIV

A

Trochlear

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29
Q

CNV

A

Trigeminal

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30
Q

CNVI

A

Abducens

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31
Q

CNVII

A

Facial

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32
Q

CNVIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

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33
Q

CNIX

A

Glossopharyngeal

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34
Q

CNX

A

Vagus

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35
Q

CNXI

A

Accessory

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36
Q

CNXII

A

Hypoglossal

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37
Q

Acquiring neuroanatomical understanding

A

Reading current literature, dissections, reviewing radiological images

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38
Q

Grey matter

A

Outer part of cerebral hemisphere, large number of neurons, cell processes, synapses and supporting cells (microglia)

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39
Q

White matter

A

Inner part of the cerebral hemispheres, axons are myelinated

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40
Q

Myelinated cells in the CNS

A

Myelin sheath fromed by oligodendrocytes

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41
Q

Myelinated cells in PNS

A

Myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells

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42
Q

What do sulci and gyri do in the brain in terms of surface area?

A

Increase

43
Q

Lobes of cerebral hemisphere

A

Frontal, Occipital, Parietal and Temporal

44
Q

Blood supply in cranial cavity

A

Arterial and venous

45
Q

Arterial supply in cranial cavity

A

Circle of Willis

46
Q

Circle of Willis

A

R. and L. vertebral arteries join to create basilar artery and then the posterior cerebral artery.

Basilar artery forms the R. and L. posterior cerebral arteries which will form the R. and L. internal carotid arteries. They maintain contact via the posterior communicating artery.

R. and L. internal carotid go on to become the R. and L. anterior cerebral arteries respectively. These arteries communicate via the anterior communicating artery.

47
Q

Cortical branches

A

Supplying arterial blood to the cortex

48
Q

Central branches

A

Supplying arterial blood to the deep surfaces of the brain

49
Q

Venous supply to the brain

A

Does not contain valves
They are called sinuses.
Present in two layers of dura mater - endosteal and meningeal

50
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

meningeal layer appears through gaps in the endosteal layer forming small gaps

51
Q

Confluence of sinus

A

Present in the posterior part of the skull in cranial cavity. This is the area where the sinuses meet and drain into the internal jugular vein

52
Q

Pathway of sinuses into internal jugular

A

Transverse sinus drains into sigmoid sinus drains into internal jugular vein

53
Q

Types of veins

A

Superficial and deep

54
Q

Superficial veins

A

Superior cerebral vein, superficial middle cerebral vein and inferior cerebral vein

55
Q

Deep veins

A

Thalmostriate vein and choroidal vein which unite to create the internal cerebral vein and the great cerebral vein

56
Q

Meninges - 3 layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pi mater

57
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer tough layer of CT

58
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

relatively thin later that is usually apposed to the dura mater. Thin wispy cords of CT connect this layer to the pia

59
Q

Pia mater

A

Very thin inner layer that is opposed to the surface of the brain. A layer of pia mater accompanies arteries penetrating into the brain

60
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

61
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus in ventricles produces CSF

62
Q

Journey of CSF

A

Circulates around the brain and spinal cord from the 4 ventricle to the subarachnoid space

63
Q

Absorption of CSF

A

Reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses by specialised structures called arachnoid granulations

64
Q

Function of CSF

A

Cushions the brain both internally and externally

65
Q

Cells of the nervous system and their roles

A

Neurons and glial cells

66
Q

Neurons

A

transmit electrical signals

67
Q

Glial cells

A

support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis and provide insulation

68
Q

Cytoarchitecture of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

A

Cerebral cortex - 6 layers
Cerebellar cortex - 3 layers

69
Q

Layers of cerebral cortex

A

Molecular (plexiform) layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform (fusiform) layer
Diverse cell types which are organised into gyri and sulci

70
Q

Layers of cerebellar cortex

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granular layer
Highly folded structures

71
Q

Basic development of nervous system

A

Neurulation - results in the formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm of the trilaminar germ disc.
Differentiation - neuroepithelial cells give rise to neurons and glial cells
Migration - neurons migrate to their final destinations
Synaptogenesis- formation of synapses between neurons
Myelination- glial cells wrap axons with myelin sheaths which will enhance signal transmission

72
Q

Singalling factors acting as ligands

A

GDF

73
Q

Groups of GDF

A

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF)
WNT
hedgehog
Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b)

74
Q

Mammals have 3 hedgehog genes - what are the names?

A

Desert
Indian
Sonic

75
Q

WNT gene properties

A

15 different genes that are related to the segment polarity gene. The receptors of these genes are members of the frizzled family of proteins

76
Q

TGF-b protein properties

A

More than 30 members, the mone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), the Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF, anti-Mullerian hormone)

77
Q

BMP inhibitory or non-inhibitory signal?

A

Inhibitory

78
Q

BMP role

A

Critical molecules for preventing neural induction

79
Q

Presence of BMP

A

inhibits the formation of neural tissue

80
Q

Absence of MBP

A

allows for the formation of neural tissue

81
Q

Cells closely packed together will form….

A

the epidermis

82
Q

Cells disassociated and not closely packed together will…

A

not form epidermis but form neural tissue

83
Q

Does presence of BMP allow the epidermis to form?

A

Yes

84
Q

Mesoderm dorsal to the blastopore….

A

secretes moelciles that inhibits BMPs located in overlying ectoderm and will convert it to neuroderm

85
Q

Types of BMP receptors

A

Type I and Type II

86
Q

How do BMP molecules bind do a receptor?

A

They form a dimer and interact with the receptor which leads to the formation of 2 pathways

87
Q

Pathways of bound BMP to receptor

A

SMAD and MAPK

88
Q

Activation of the pathways after BMP has reacted with the receptor leads to

A

Phosphorylation.

89
Q

Types of SMAD pathways which are a result of phosphorylation.

A

SMAD 1,5 and 8 which will combine to form complexes with SMAD4 and enter the nucleus to regulate the transcription of specific target cells

90
Q

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) will react with tyrosine kinase which leads to…

A

Activation of MAPK pathway.

91
Q

Wnt proteins binds to only

A

proteins in the frizzled family, this occurs within the cell membrane and will activate another reaction in the cytoplasm

92
Q

Interaction of Wnt with frizzled family protein leads to

A

Activation of dishevelled family proteins which inhibits a complex of proteins including axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)

93
Q

Result of absence of Wnt singalling

A

Lead to phosphorylation of Beta-catenin which is degraded proteolytically.

94
Q

Adding Wnt to the medial part of epiblast in experiment will

A

inhibit the formation of neural tisse

95
Q

Adding Wnt to the lateral part of the epiblast will

A

no markers found

96
Q

Addition of FGF to the medial explant

A

overrides the Wnt signalling and inhibts the formation of the neural tissue allowing the epidermis to continue to form

97
Q

Addition of FGF to the lateral explant

A

no formation of neural tissue but the epidermis will develop

98
Q

BMP inhibitor

A

Inhibits the formation of neural tissue

99
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Sheet that consists of neural cells. Cranial part of the ectoderm will form from the neural tube and form the brain and the spinal cord

100
Q

Factors to consider when looking at neural patterning

A

Positional information and morphogens

101
Q

Regionalisation…

A

involves long-range signalling that provides cells with information about their location in the neural epithelium. This information is known as positional information

102
Q

Cells close to the source of cell

A

Very high levels of cell signalling

103
Q

Cells far away from the source of cell

A

Very low levels of cell signalling

104
Q

Signal that provokes more than one cellular response

A

Morphogen

105
Q
A

Limbs (3 decks)

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