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Motor Speech Disorders > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain, brain stem, spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all other nerves and pathways

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3
Q

within both CNS and PNS

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

provides communication between various parts of body with somatic effectors (skeletal muscles)

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

conducts impulses to visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular cells)

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6
Q

orientation planes of the brain

A

horizontal, coronal, sagittal

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7
Q

other orientation planes

A
  • transverse
  • lateral
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8
Q

transverse plane

A

crosscut at a right angle to the longitudinal axis on a bend, because of curvature of brain stem, is diagonal to horizontal plane

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9
Q

lateral plane

A

structures away from mid or midsagittal planemedial, approaching the midsagittal plane

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10
Q

the cell, the neuron

A
  • celly body and nucleus
  • dendrite
  • axon
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11
Q

cell body and nucleus

A

has a slightly grey color

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12
Q

dendrite

A

carries neural information towards a cell body

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13
Q

axon

A

carries neural information from the cell body to other neurons axons terminate in slight enlargements or bulges known as end feet, end plates or end terminals

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14
Q

afferent

A

lower to higher

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15
Q

functional division of neurons, afferent

A
  • carry information toward a reference point in the CNS, includes fibers that innervate sensory receptors
  • afferent signals travel from the peripheral nervous system to the cortex (see a picture of the dog, eyes see, and neurons send signal to the brain, touch the stove and realize it feels hot)
  • found in proprioceptors, cells that transduce information regarding the movements of joints and muscles
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16
Q

3 primary proprioceptors

A
  1. joint proprioceptors
  2. golgi tendons
  3. muscle spindles
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17
Q

joint proprioceptors

A

allows us to determine where things are moving/where things are in space in terms of the body

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18
Q

golgi tendons

A
  • deals with muscle tension/gives information on how muscle is moving
  • they are distributed among the collagen fibers that form the tendons
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19
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • gives information on muscle length, rate of change of muscle length (velocity of stretch)
  • acts as a fine-tuning mechanism
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20
Q

efferent (motor) neurons

A

all cell bodies of both nerves are located in the motor nuclei of the CNS, cell body is either found in the spinal cord or the brain

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21
Q

2 types of motor neurons (both important for muscle control)

A
  • alpha motor neuron
  • gamma motor neuron
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22
Q

alpha motor neuron

A

largest, most predominant, innervates extrafusal fiber

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23
Q

gamma motor neuron

A

smaller in size and quantity

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24
Q

efferent neurons, motor from CNS

A
  • all cell bodies of both nerves are located in the motor nuclei of the CNS
  • both primary and secondary afferents are stimulated by the lengthening of the intrafusal fibers and by the rate of change of their length
  • as muscle fibers are stretched, spindle afferents convey information to alpha motor neurons which control discharge to extrafusal fibers
  • conduction is up to 120 meters/second
25
Q

functional division, efferent

A
  • nerves and tracts that course down to various muscles
  • include motor neurons that innervate muscles and fibers that innervate afferent neurons (sensory)
26
Q

flexion

A

ending movement of a limb

27
Q

extension

A

straightening movement of a limb

28
Q

abduction

A

move away from a central axis point

29
Q

adduction

A

move towards a central axis point

30
Q

protraction

A

movement that causes structure to move forward

31
Q

retraction

A

movement that pull back the protracted structure

32
Q

reflexes

A

are quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of peripheral effectors to stimulation

33
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons located in the brain and spinal cord, lie interior to cortex

34
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons, bundles of dendrites, or both , and located in PNS

35
Q

ascending projection tracts

A

carry impulses upward toward the brain

36
Q

descending projection tracts

A

conducts impulses downward

37
Q

internal capsule

A

part of cortex, see both projection tracts

38
Q

corticospinal fibers

A
  • originate in sensorimotor cortex
  • fan down to wedge-shaped internal capsule to form cerebral tracts
  • along ventral surface of midbrain, pes pedunculi
  • CS fibers recombine at medulla to form the pyramids
  • contralateral
39
Q

somatic nervous system: sensory pathways

A

consist of relays conducting impulses from any part of the body to the CNS

40
Q

3 main sensory pathways in the SNS

A
  1. conduct impulses from periphery to CNS
  2. conduct impulses from cord or brainstem to thalamus
  3. impulses from thalamus to postcentral gyrus
41
Q

pathway that conducts impulses from periphery to CNS

A

dendrites are in spinal or cranial nerve, axons terminate in gray matter of spinal cord or brainstem

42
Q

motor pathways of the SNS

A
  • anterior horn motoneuron axons are the only ones that terminate skeletal muscle cells
  • any condition that makes anterior horn motoneurons unable to conduct impulses also make skeletal muscle cells supplied by these neurons unable to contract (paralyzed)
43
Q

2 methods used to classify motor pathways of the SNS

A
  1. based on location of their fibers in the medulla, pyramidal/extrapyramidal tracts
  2. based on influence on lower motoneurons, facilitatory/inhibitory
44
Q

motor control: theory 2

A
  • cerebral motor cortex is highest command center relaying some of its orders through the basal ganglia and cerebellum
  • implies cortex wills movement and the other structures refine
45
Q

direct motor system

A

has corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

46
Q

corticobulbar pathway

A
  • arises from motor strip premotor area and extends to the medulla
  • directly affects cranial nerves that control oral mech (fibers of corticobulbar tract do not decussate)
47
Q

corticospinal tracts

A
  • arises from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex and descend directly to the spinal cord (fibers decussate)
  • involved with respiration
48
Q

UMNs

A

originate in motor region of the cortex or brainstem

49
Q

direct pathway

A
  • cerebral cortex, cranial, and spinal nerve nuclei
  • carry motor information to LMNs, direct voluntary skilled movements
50
Q

indirect pathway

A
  • cerebral cortex, cranial and spinal nerve nuclei
  • control posture, tone, and movements supportive of voluntary movement
51
Q

upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions can occur from

A

stroke, MS, TBI, cerebral palsy, Freidreich’s ataxia, Wilson’s disease, ALS

52
Q

UMN pathway innervates

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and controls muscles on the opposite side of the body

53
Q

UMN lesions of direct pathways

A
  • loss of skilled movement
  • hyporeflexia
  • babinski sign
  • decreased muscle tone
54
Q

UMN lesions of indirect pathway

A
  • spasticity
  • clonus
  • hyperactive stretch reflexes
  • increased muscle tone
  • decorticate or decerebrate posture
55
Q

UMN lesion: unilateral

A

dysarthria due to weakness and loss of skilled movement

56
Q

UMN lesion: bilateral

A

can have mild effects on speech to severe effects on speech

57
Q

lower motor neurons (LMNs)

A
  • involves neurons of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
  • brainstem and spinal cord, muscle
  • produce muscle actions reflexes and tones
  • carry out UMN commands for voluntary movements and postural adjustments
58
Q

what might cause lesions of LMNs

A

illness, accidents, TBI, ALS, surgery, Guillain Barre, MS, myasthenia gravis and other factors

59
Q
A

Motor Speech Disorders (2 decks)

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