Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory - sense of smell
Cranial Nerve II
Optic - sense of sight
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor - eyeball movement
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear - Movement of eyeball
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal - sensation in face, scalp and teeth
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens - movement of eyeball
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial - sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles and secretion of saliva
Cranial Nerve VIII
Acoustin (Vestibulocochlear) - sense of hearing & equilibrium
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal - sense of taste, contraction of pharynx, saliva secretion
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus - sensation and movement of the heart lungs, larynx, pharynx and GI tract
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory - contraction of neck and shoulder muscles
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal - movement of tongue
Central Nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
nerve fibers that connect to the CNS
Somatic Nervous System
Bodily functions under voluntary control
Autonomic Nervous system
Bodily functions under regular control
The deep infoldings of the cortex that divide it into lobes and hemispheres are called…
fissures
The somatosensory cortex in the right hemisphere controls what?
Incoming sensory information for the left side of the body
Which lobe of the brain receives somatic sense and sensory information from the body?
parietal
Bitter taste is primarily perceived on the _________________________ of the tongue.
posterior dorsum
The _______ branch of the VIII cranial nerve mediates the sense of hearing
auditory
Which cranial nerves receive sensory information of vision, hearing, and smell?
I, II, VIII
The type of cell that is the functional building block of the nervous system is the
neuron
Most fibers of the corticospinal tract decussate at the ____________ of the medulla.
pyramids
The structure that is responsible for coordination and initiating action is the
cerebellum
Which subcortex structure helps convert short term memory to long term memory?
Hippocampus
Which of these is not a component of the central nervous system?
spinal nerves
Which lobe of the brain is associated with speech perception?
temporal
The site for efferent stimulation in a neuron is the
axon
Digestion is governed by the _______________ nervous system.
autonomic
Vision, audition, olfaction, and taste are ____________________ senses.
special
Which subcortex structure plays a crucial role in adjusting motor plans based on context?
Cerebellum
Tactile is the sense of
Touch
What are the four lobes of the brain that control cognitive and sensory functions?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
The precentral gyrus in the right hemisphere controls what?
Motor activity for the left side of the body
Which subcortex structure is the location where the contralateral organization of the brain emerges?
Pyramidal decussation
The type of cell that provides nutrients, as well as a filter function, is the
glia
The superior-most structure of the brainstem is the ____________________.
midbrain
Synaptic vesicles are found within the…
end boutons
Which lobe of the brain processes visual information?
occipital
Gustation is the sense of
Taste
Contralateral organization in neuroanatomy means what?
The left side of the cortex communicates with the right side of the body and vice versa
The precentral gyrus in the left hemisphere controls what?
Motor activity for the right side of the body
The ____________________ branch of the trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the mandible, including the skin, lower teeth, gums, and lip; a portion of the skin and mucosal lining of the cheek; the external auditory meatus and auricle; the temporomandibular joint; and the region of the temporal bone, as well as supplying kinesthetic and proprioceptive sense to the muscles of mastication.
mandibular
The majority of the infoldings of the cortex, which do not divide lobes or hemispheres from one another, are called…
sulci
The 31 pairs of ____________________ arise from the spinal cord.
spinal nerves
Which lobe of the brain initiates motor activity and is associated with initiative and personality?
frontal
The typical site for reception of excitatory stimulation on a neuron is the
dendrite
Which subcortex structure helps integrate sensory information?
thalamus
A structural dichotomy of the nervous system would include the subcategories of
central and peripheral nervous systems
The sucking reflex includes
-pumping the tongue forward and back repeatedly.
-elevation and depression of the mandible.
-swallow of bolus after four or five pumps of the tongue.
Which subcortex structure is the connection point between the cerebellum and the brainstem?
Pons
The juncture between two communicating neurons is the ____________________.
Synapse
Which lobe of the brain receives auditory information?
temporal
Somatic sensory information is received at the
postcentral gyrus
The ____________________ branch of the trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the skin of the upper face, forehead, and scalp; cornea, iris, upper eyelid, conjunctiva; nasal cavity mucous membrane; and lacrimal gland
opthalmic
Which subcortex structure helps integrate motor planning information?
Basal ganglia
____________________ pathways transmit information concerning the status of the body to the brain.
Sensory or afferent, which are the same thing
Commands for voluntary functions originate in the
cerebrum
Which nerves control crucial speech muscle movements like jaw, tongue, face, and larynx muscles?
V, VII, X, XII
The ____________________ nerve of the X cranial nerve innervates adductors and the abductor of the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal
Which subcortex structure provides a communication pathway between the left and right hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Broca’s area is found in the…
frontal lobe
The ____________________ system arises from the pyramidal cells of the motor strip of the cerebral cortex and is largely responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts.
pyramidal
The ____________________ is the most inferior level of the brainstem.
medulla oblongata
The function of ____________________ is to transmit information.
neurons
Which nerves control eye movement
III,IV,VI
An area of a myelinated axon on which there is no myelin is called a…
node of Raniver
The cranial nerves are part of the ____________________ nervous system.
peripheral
Olfaction is the sense of
smell
Thermal is the sense of
temperature
Proprioception is the sense of
muscle/body awareness
Outfoldings of the cortex (i.e. the lumps between wrinkles) are called….
gyri
____________________ refers to stimulation of a neuron that reduces the neuron’s output.
inhibition
A functional dichotomy of the nervous system would include the subcategories of
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The ____________________ fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
cerebral longitudinal
Wernicke’s area is found in the posterior portion of the ____________________ lobe.
temporal
The ____________________ system arises from the cerebral cortex and is responsible for the background tone and movement supporting the primary acts.
extrapyramidal
Broca’s Aphasia
know what they wish to say but are unable to produce the words
Wernicke’s Aphasia
difficulty in understanding written and spoken language & producing written and spoken language that makes sense to others
Damage to basal ganglia may cause
problems controlling speech, movement, and posture
eg. touretts and parkinson’s
Conduction aphasia
Inability to repeat what is herd even though it was understood
Ataxic dysarthia
irregular or slow rhythm of speech, with pauses and abrupt explosions of sound and abnormal or excessively equal stress on every syllable
Spastic dysarthia
speech has a harsh, strain-strangle quality, with slow rate, low pitch, and imprecise consonant
The sucking reflex can be stimulated by
-light stimulation of the lips in neonates.
-visual presentation of food in older infants.
