Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Cerebral asymmetry is normal in what parts of the brain?
anterior transverse temporal (Heschl’s) gyrus (part of the temporal lobe)
planum temporale
Reduced planum temporale asymmetry is seen in what conditions?
dyslexia
stuttering
schizophrenia
What are the features of frontal lobe dysfunction?
Contralateral hemiplegia, impaired problem solving, disinhibition, lack of initiative, Broca’s aphasia and agraphia (dominant), perseveration
anosmia
inability to generate a list
What are the features of temporal lobe dysfunction?
Wernicke’s aphasia (dominant), homonymous upper quadrantanopia, auditory agnosia (non-dominant)
What are the features of parietal lobe (NON DOMINANT) dysfunction?
Anosognosia, dressing apraxia, spatial neglect, constructional apraxia
What are the features of parietal lobe (DOMINANT) dysfunction?
AKA Gerstmann’s syndrome
Finger agnosia - cant name fingers
Right left confusion
Acalculia - cant do simple math
Agraphia (without alexia) - inability to write spontaneously but is able to copy.
What are the features of occipital lobe dysfunction?
homonymous hemianopia (with macula sparing)
cortical blindness
visual agnosia
What are the features of a midline cerebellum lesion?
gait and truncal ataxia
What are the features of a hemisphere lesion of the cerebellum?
intention tremor, past pointing, dysdiadokinesis, nystagmus
Damage to the Medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus result in which conditions?
Wernicke and Korsakoff syndrome
Damage to the mamillary bodies result in what symptoms?
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
A patient with a brain lesion presents with apathy, reduced motivation and impaired self care. Where is the lesion most likely to be?
Dorsolateral frontal lobe.
Damage to the Subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia result in what condision?
Hemibalism
- Repetitive, but constantly varying, large amplitude involuntary movements of the proximal parts of the limbs.
Damage to the striatum (caudate nucleus) of the basal ganglia can result in what condition?
Huntington chorea
Impairment of the substantial nigra of the basal ganglia is associated with what condition?
Parkinson’s disease
Damage to the amygdala results in what syndrome?
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperphagia, visual agnosia)
What cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
Facial, vestibulocochlear.
What are the afferent and efferent nerves associated with the below reflexes?
1) corneal
2) pupillary light
3)Gag
4)jaw jerk
1) ophthalmic (a), facial (e)
2)optic (a), oculomotor (e)
3) glossopharyngeal (a), vagal (e)
4) mandibular bith
The angular gyrus is in which lobe? What is its function?
Parietal lobe
Language, mathematics and cognition
Where is the cingulate gyrus located? What is its function?
Adjacent to the corpus callosum
Emotion, learning, and memory
The fusiform gyrus is in which lobe? What is its function?
Temporal lobe
Face and body recognition, word and number recognition (visual)
The Lingual gyrus is in which lobe? What is its function?
Occipital
Dreaming, word recognition (visual)
A patient with a brain lesion presents with hyperphagia and obesity. Where is the lesion most likely to be?
ventromedial hypothalamus
What symptoms are associated with Non dominant parietal lobe dysfunction?
anosognosia (lack of awareness of a disability or disease)
dressing apraxia (difficulty in getting dressed)
spatial neglect (lack of awareness of one side of the body)
constructional apraxia (inability to copy pictures or combine parts of something into a meaningful whole).
What symptoms are associated with Bilateral posterior parietal / occipital lobe dysfunction?
Bilateral damage to the parieto-occipital lobes is rare but can result in a condition called Balint’s syndrome.
oculomotor apraxia (inability to voluntarily shift gaze despite the intact function of extraocular muscles)
optic ataxia (disorder that affects the ability to interact with objects presented in the visual modality e.g. misreaching beyond a pencil when asked to touch it)
simultanagnosia (the lack of ability to perceive more than a single object at a time. For example, when provided with a picture of a forest with trees, being unable to see the forest, although being able to see each individual tree)
Neurosyphilis affects what spinal tract? Now does this effect sensation?
Tabes dorsalis - late consequence of syphilis resulting in demyelination.
Dorsal columns
Loss of proprioception and vibration sensation
Nerve root pain.
Match the following thalamic nuclein to their function (vision, hearing, motor, body sensation, facial sensation).
1) Lateral geniculate nucleus
2) Medial geniculate nucleus
3) Medial portion of the ventral posterior nucleus (VML)
4) Ventral anterior/lateral nuclei
5) Lateral portion of the ventral posterior nucleus
1) Lateral geniculate nucleus - vision
2) Medial geniculate nucleus - hearing
3) Medial portion of the ventral posterior nucleus (VML) - facial sensation
4) Ventral anterior/lateral nuclei - motor
5) Lateral portion of the ventral posterior nucleus - body sensation (touch, pain, proprioception, pressure, vibration)
What are the symptoms of a Anterior cerebral artery stroke?
Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, lower extremity > upper
What are the symptoms of a Middle cerebral artery stroke?
Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss, upper extremity > lower
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Aphasia
What are the symptoms of a Posterior cerebral artery stroke?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Visual agnosia
A patient presents with a Ipsilateral CN III palsy and
Contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity. What vessel has been affected?
Weber’s syndrome (branches of the posterior cerebral artery that supply the midbrain)
What are the symptoms of a Posterior inferior cerebellar artery stroke?
AKA lateral medullary syndrome, Wallenberg syndrome.
Ipsilateral: facial pain and temperature loss
Contralateral: limb/torso pain and temperature loss
Ataxia, nystagmus
What are the symptoms of a Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (lateral pontine syndrome) stroke?
Symptoms are similar to Wallenberg’s
Ipsilateral: facial paralysis and deafness
Wallenbergs: Ipsilateral: facial pain and temperature loss
Contralateral: limb/torso pain and temperature loss
Ataxia, nystagmus
What are the symptoms of a basilar artery stroke?
Locked in syndrome
What is the function of the Suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus? A lesion in this area might result in what symptoms?
Circadian rhythm
Lesion → sleep-rhythm disorder
What is the function of the Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus? A lesion in this area might result in what symptoms?
Produces oxytocin (parturition and milk let-down reflex), and ADH (fluid balance)
Lesions → diabetes insipidus
What is the function of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus? A lesion in this area might result in what symptoms?
Releases dopamine, GHRH to anterior pituitary, body-weight regulation (stimulates appetite and sensitive to leptin).
Lesions → Galactorrhea and amenorrhea
Body temperature is under the control of which hypothalamic nuclei?
mainly under control of preoptic, anterior and posterior nuclei which have temperature sensitive neurons
as temp goes above 37ºC, warm senstive neurons are activataed which trigger parasympathetic activity to promote heat loss
as temp goes below 37ºC, cold senstive neurons are activataed which trigger sympathetic activity to promote conservation of heat
What does the amygdala do?
The amygdala is an olive shaped structure located medially in the anterior temporal lobe, above the hippocampal formation. It is a core part of the limbic system.
Key role in processing emotion. Determines the emotional relevance of stimuli (e.g. fear and threat detection). Involved in consolidation of memories which have a strong emotional component
The amygdala is involved in the fight flight response and also plays a role in the hypothalamic control of eating.
What does the hippocampus do?
Part of the limbic system. Major role in memory. Early memory storage, formation of long-term memory, and spatial navigation
