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RANZCP MCQ > Historical figures in psychiatry > Flashcards

Historical figures in psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

Who reintroduced clozapine in to clinical practice?

A

Kane

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2
Q

Who developed the first SSRI (modified pheniramine to create zimelidine)?

A

Carlsson

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3
Q

Who first described the ‘cheese effect’ seen in MAOI use?

A

Blackwell

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4
Q

Who discovered lithium’s beneficial effect in mania?

A

Cade

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5
Q

Who discovered use of iproniazid (MAOI)?

A

Kline

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6
Q

Who synthesised chlorpromazine?

A

Charpentier

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7
Q

Who introduced chlorpromazine as a treatment for schizophrenia and coined the term ‘neuroleptic’?

A

Delay and Deniker

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8
Q

Who discovered the antidepressant effects of imipramine?

A

Kuhn

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9
Q

Who used ECT first?

A

Cerletti (and Bini)

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10
Q

Who coined the term ‘antidepressant’?

A

Lurie

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11
Q

Who discovered insulin shock therapy?

A

Sakel

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12
Q

Who developed frontal leucotomy for psychosis?

A

Moniz

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13
Q

Who developed metrazol therapy?

A

Meduna

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14
Q

What was the first antidepressant?
What was the first SSRI?

A

First antidepressant was the MOA iproniazid
Lurie coined the term ‘antidepressant’
Zimelidine was first SSRI (Carlsson, 1996) to be developed (in 1972)
Zimeldine marketed in Europe as the first SSRI in 1982
In 1988 Fluoxetine was launched to the US market under the trade name Prozac

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15
Q

What was Alfred Adler known for?

A

Believed that the main driving force in personality is a striving for superiority.

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16
Q

What was Carl Jung known for?

A

Introduced the concept of the persona (mask) which is the part of the ego presented to other people. The other (more hidden) part of the self is the ‘shadow’.
Differentiated between the personal unconscious (which contains an individual’s personal memories) and collective unconscious (a set of memories and ideas that is shared amongst all of humanity).
Talked of archetypes (symbolic images in the collective unconscious). Important archetypes are anima (female principle), animus (male principle), the shadow, and the self.

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17
Q

What was Erik Erickson known for?

A

Known for his stages of psychosocial development.

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18
Q

What was Harry Stack Sullivan known for?

A

Credited with the introduction of interpersonal therapy.

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19
Q

What was Wilfred Bion known for?

A

Theories on group dynamics
Saw each group as having a work group and a basic assumption group
Three basic assumptions, fight or flight, dependency, and pairing

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20
Q

What was John Bowlby known for?

A

Attachment theory.

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21
Q

What was Anna Freud known for?

A

Developed the concept of the defense mechanisms.

22
Q

What was Otto Kernberg known for?

A

Transference Focused Psychotherapy useful for people with borderline personality disorder.

23
Q

What was Margaret Mahler known for?

A

Theories on child development
Three main phases, autistic phase, symbiotic phase, and separation-individuation phase.

24
Q

What was Donald Winnicott known for?

A

Introduced the concept of the transitional object and the good enough mother.

25
Q

Who developed the terms Dementia praecox and manic depression?

A

Kraepelin
Morel also involved with development of the term Demence precoce.

26
Q

Who developed the term Schizophrenia?

A

Bleuler

27
Q

Who developed the term Hebephrenia?

A

Hecker

28
Q

Who developed the term Catatonia?

A

Kahlbaum

29
Q

Who developed the term Demence precoce?

A

Morel

30
Q

Who developed the term Schizoaffective?

A

Kasanin

31
Q

Who developed the term Neurasthenia?

A

Beard

32
Q

Who developed the terms Unipolar and bipolar?

A

Kleist

33
Q

Who developed the term Hypnosis?

A

Braid

34
Q

Who developed the term Group dynamic?

A

Lewin

35
Q

Who developed the term Group psychotherapy?

A

Moreno

36
Q

Who developed the term Psychopathic inferiority?

A

Koch

37
Q

Who developed the term Psychiatry?

A

Reil

38
Q

Who developed the term Institutional Neurosis?

A

Barton

39
Q

Who studied birds to come up with a theory of aggression (Sociobiological/Drive)? What was this theory?

A

Lorenz.
Following his study of birds, Lorenz proposed a theory of aggression which shared many of the ideas of evolution.

He suggested that aggression is instinctual and occurs in response to biological stimuli and follows predictable rules. He suggested that the aggressive instinct was necessary for survival.

He also believed that aggression was vital to ensuring a balance in the animal kingdom and that stronger genes were selected.

His major work (completed in 1963) is titled ‘on aggression’.

40
Q

Who developed the Cognitive Neoassociation Theory of agression? What is it?

A

Berkowitz.
Aversive events such as frustrations, provocations, loud noises, uncomfortable temperatures produce negative affect. Negative affect produced by unpleasant experiences automatically stimulates various thoughts, memories, expressive motor reactions, and physiological responses associated with both fight and flight tendencies.

In cognitive neoassociation theory, aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavioural tendencies are linked together in memory. Concepts with similar meanings (e.g., hurt, harm) and concepts that frequently are activated simultaneously (e.g., shoot, gun) develop strong associations. When a concept is primed or activated, this activation spreads to related concepts and increases their activation as well.

41
Q

Who developed the Social Learning Theory of aggression?
What was it?
What was his famous experiment?

A

Bandura.
He proposed that aggression can be learnt by the indirect method of observational learning.

His ideas are demonstrated well by his famous BOBO DOLL experiment.

Bandura’s work is often seen as a link between behaviourism and cognitive psychology as he introduced a concept called reciprocal determinism. Basically, by this he meant that people’s behaviour is influenced by their environment but also that their behaviour influences their environment.

42
Q

Who developed the General Aggression Model?

A

Anderson and Bushman.
A comprehensive model which considers the role of social, cognitive, developmental, and biological factors on aggression.

43
Q

What are Thomas and Chess known to have concluded?

A

They developed a classification system for the TEMPERAMENT of children.
They concluded that there were 3 types of children in terms of temperament.

They found that 65% of children fall into one of the following three groups:-

Easy child (40%). These obtained high scores on regularity (degree to which they fall into a schedule), approachability, adaptability, mild intensity of reactivity, and predominance of positive mood.
Difficult child (10%). These children were the polar opposite of easy children.
Slow to warm up child (15%). These children are somewhere in the middle. They often have moderately negative reactions to new things but warm to the idea eventually.

44
Q

What term did Eugene Bleuler coin?

A

In 1911 the term ‘autism’ was coined by Eugen Bleuler as a characteristic feature of schizophrenia. Used to describe people who have “cut themselves off as much as possible from any contact with the external world” and who show “detachment from reality, together with the relative and absolute predominance of the inner life”.

45
Q

Who developed Trait Theory and what is it?

A

Trait theory was conceived by Gordon Allport.
He categorised personality traits into three levels:
1 - Cardinal traits. A cardinal trait is one so pervasive that most of the persons behaviour and activities can be traced to this particular trait. Only few people possess a cardinal trait but for the ones who do, this trait may be the ruling of their personality. Such traits are usually evident to most people who know the individual.
Level 2 - Central Traits. Central traits are easily detected characteristics within a person, traits that all people have a certain number of, five to ten on average.
Level 3 - Secondary Traits. Less evident and only manifest in select circumstances.

46
Q

Who Developed the Separation-Individuation theory of child development? What is it?

A

Margaret Mahler.
1 - Autistic phase
2 - Symbiotic phase (1-6 months)
3 - Separation-Individuation
Subphase 1 - Differentiation (6-10 months)
Subphase 2 - Practicing (10-16 months)
Subphase 3 - Rapprochement (16-24 months)
Subphase 4 - Object constancy (24-36 months)

47
Q

Who developed the first rank symptoms? What are they?

A

Kurt Schneider in 1938. He introduced them as a pragmatic way to assist general practitioners in the identification of schizophrenia.

The first rank symptoms include:-

Running commentary
Thought echo
Voices heard arguing
Thought insertion
Thought withdrawal
Thought broadcast (thoughts are perceived as leaving the subject’s head/mind)
Delusional perception
Somatic passivity
Made affect (belief that feelings are controlled by an outside force)
Made volition (belief that impulses and/or behaviour are controlled by an outside force)

48
Q

Who coined the term “Gestalt therapy”? What is Gestalt therapy?

A

Fritz Perls.

The core of the Gestalt therapy process is enhanced awareness of sensation, perception, bodily feelings, emotion, and behavior, in the present moment. Relationship is emphasized, along with contact between the self, its environment, and the other.

49
Q

What is Durkheim associated with?

A

Differentiating types of suicide.
1. Egoistic - not belonging
2. Fatalistic - occurs in societies so oppressive their inhabitants would rather die than live on.
3 Anomic - stems from sudden and unexpected changes in situations. For example, when individuals suffer extreme financial loss, the disappointment and stress that individuals face may drive them towards committing suicide as a means of escape.
4. Altruistic - individual is expected to kill themself on behalf of society

50
Q

Who developed structural family therapy and what is it?

A

Salvador Minuchin.

The main assumption is that the family’s structure is wrong. Structural therapy has clear ideas about what constitutes a healthy family system. It is one where there are clear boundaries and no coalitions. The work is in the here-and-now. Dysfunctional families are thought to be marked by impaired boundaries, inappropriate alignments, and power imbalances. Key terms include: subsystems, hierarchy, boundaries, alliances and coalitions.

51
Q

Who wrote “On death and dying”?

A

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

5 stages of grief.

52
Q

Who wrote “living with fear”?

A

Isaac Marks
Self help book - gives advice on how to cope with anxiety and phobias.

RANZCP MCQ (2 decks)

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