Neuroanatomy Flashcards
what are invertebrate nervous system specialised for
stimulus/response
receptor/effector
reflexes
conditioned responses
what is a nerve net
loose network of neurons
simplest form of nervous system found in invertebrates, found in hydras/jellyfishes
what does the forebrain consist of
cerebrum
optic structures
olfactory lobe
what does the hindbrain consist of
brainstem - pons
medulla
cerebellum
what is gray matter
cell bodies of neurons
what is white matter
myelinated axons
connect different parts of gray matter to eachother
what is the coronal and axial planes
coronal - frontal
axial - horizontal
what is rostral
the tip of the brain that aims towards of the eyes is rostral most
what is caudal
the tail of the spinal cord is caudal most
features of the dura
strongest and superficial most layer
in contact with bone
features of the arachnoid meninge
web like protective layer
function of the subarachnoid space
allows space for blood vessels and contains cerebrospinal fluid
features of the pia
inner most layer
in contact with the CNS
what is cerebrospinal fluid
cell-free fluid that circulates in the subarachnoid space
what produces cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells in the choroid plexus
what is the corpus callosum
large bundle of white matter that connects the two brain hemispheres
function of the brainstem
acts as a conduit for information between the spinal cord and higher centres of the brain
where is the majority of nerve nuclei located
brainstem
function of the cerebellum
modifies movement - compares sensory information with pre-motor information
integrates proprioceptive information that feeds back to cerebral cortex to refine movement
where does the cerebellum receive input from
spinal cord
cerebral cortex
vestibular cortex
motor systems in neocortex
where does the cerebellum output information to
vestibular systems
brain stem
muscle spindles
motor and pre-motor cortices
in a spinal nerve, where do afferent fibres enter
dorsal root
in a spinal nerve, where do efferent fibres leave
ventral root
stages of a reflex arc
receptor
sensory neuron
integration centre
motor neuron
effector
what is a polysynaptic reflex
reflex arc that involves multiple neurons
interneurons control more than one muscle group
produce either EPSPs and/or IPSPs
where are signals from the cell soma summated and what is this area considered to be
the axon hillock
hillock considered to be the trigger zone for a threshold potential to reach an action potential
what are both the hillock and axon initial segment rich in
voltage gated Na+ channels
what is MAP2
neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins found in dendrites
microtubule associated protein
what is betaIV spectrin
cytosketetal protein found in axons and some non-neuronal cells
what is a golgi stain and what does it result in
nervous tissue treated with potassium dichromate and silver nitrate
results in silver precipitation in the neuron
where are cell bodies of multipolar neurons found
ventral horn of the spinal cord
what do multipolar neurons display
large pale staining nucleus
prominent nucleus
nissl bodies
what is a nissl substance and where is it absent
stains RER and polyribosomes
largely absent in the axon
what is a ganglia
aggregation of nerve cells outside the CNS
what are dorsal root ganglia surrounded by
connective tissue capsule which is continuous with the peripheral nerve
what are individual ganglion cells surrounded by
layer of flattened satellite cells
what are the 3 layers within gray matter
outer molecular layer
single layer of purkinje cells
granular cells
what is the molecular layer composed of
basket cells
stellate cells
what is the most abundant neuron is
granule cell
what are the largest cells in the cerebellum
purkinje neurons
what are the types of glia in the CNS
astrocytes
oligodendroglia
ependymal cells
microglia
types of glia in the PNS
Schwann cells
satellite cells
function of astrocytes
provide structural and metabolic support for neurons
what are the types of astrocytes and where are they located
fibrous - white matter
protoplasmic - gray matter
muller glia - retina
radial glia - specailised cells in developing CNS
voltage of a neuron at rest
-70mV
concentration of Na+ inside and out the axon
inside - 15mM
outside - 145mM
concentration of K+ inside and out the axon
inside - 140mM
outside - 5mM
concentration of Cl- inside and out the axon
inside - 4-30mM
outside - 110mM
what blocks Na+/K+ ATPase
ouabain
