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Biomed 2 > Molecular Neuro > Flashcards

Molecular Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

how is conditioned fear inhibited

A

addition of NMDA receptor antagonist

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2
Q

what parts of protein synthesis is regulated by nerve activity

A

gene expression
RNA maturation
RNA splicing
protein transport

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3
Q

what converts glutamate into GABA

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

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4
Q

difference between glutamate and GABA

A

glutamate:
natural amino acid
excitatory
GABA:
synthesised
inhibitory

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5
Q

where is the GAD gene selectively expressed

A

in the GABA neuron

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6
Q

what terminals are each the axon and the dendrite

A

axon - presynaptic nerve terminal
dendrite - postsynaptic nerve terminal

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7
Q

how is the polarity of the microtubules organised in the dendrite vs the axon

A

dendrite - the microtubules are positioned bidirectionally
axon - microtubules are unidirectional, positive ends facing presynaptic terminals

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8
Q

in a neuron where is the actin often associated

A

at the terminal regions

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9
Q

what is Tau and where is it located

A

regulatory protein found in the axon
stabilises the axon

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10
Q

what is MAP 2 and where is it located

A

microtubule associated protein 2 is a regulatory protein found in the dendrite which stabilises the microtubules

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11
Q

structure of a Na+ channel

A

made up of one protein sequence that contains 4 domains
each domain has a voltage sensor and 1/4 of the pore

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12
Q

what are the thresholds for in/activation of Na+ channels

A

activation - -50mV
inactivation - 0mV

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13
Q

structure of a K+ channel

A

made up of one protein sequence that contains 1 domain
each domain has a voltage sensor and a 1/4 of the pore, they come together to form a tetramer to make a functional channel

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14
Q

what are the thresholds for in/activation of K+ channels

A

activation - 0mV
inactivation - +50mV

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15
Q

what is an electrical synapse

A

a signal passes a direct electrical flow between two cells

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16
Q

what is a chemical synapse

A

electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal, then back to an electrical signal

17
Q

what is synaptotagmin

A

Ca2+ is recognised by a protein that binds Ca2+ and undergoes conformational change

18
Q

what acts as fusion promoting proteins in the pre-synaptic bulb

A

snare proteins
vesicles

19
Q

how is fusion promoted in the pre-synaptic bulb

A

Ca2+ bound synaptotagmin promotes vesicle and plasma-membrane snare proteins to complex using protein interactions which promotes fusion

20
Q

where are major excitatory synapses located and what do they use as a transmitter

A

dendrites
glutamate

21
Q

where are the major inhibitory synapses and what are the transmitters used

A

cell body
use glycine or GABA

22
Q

difference between glutamatergic and glycine/GABA synapses

A

glutamatergic - asymmetrical, store glutamate
GABA/glycine - symmetrical, store glycine

23
Q

features of glutamate receptor

A

Four subunits to make ion channel
Glutamate binding site on outside
Cation Channel
Bind to molecules like PSD-95 on inside
postsynaptic cell.

24
Q

features of glycine receptor

A

Five Subunits to make ion channel
Glycine binding site on outside
Anion Channel
Bind to Gephyrin on the inside
postsynaptic cell

25
Q

difference between neuroligin 1/2

A

1 - postsynaptic glutamatergic tag
2 - postsynaptic glycinergic tag

26
Q

glutamate receptor: causal disease indication, reason and drug target

A

disease indication - cognitive decline
reason - major routes for brain communication
drug target - activators act against decline, inhibitors act against over-excitation

27
Q

PSD-95: causal disease indication, reason, drug target

A

disease indication - stroke
reason - support over activity of glutamate receptors
drug target - novel approach reduce function by preventing PSD-95 from binding to receptors

28
Q

glycine receptors: causal disease indication, reason, drug target

A

disease indication - hyperekplexia
reason - mutation prevent proper glycine function thus reduced inhibition
drug target - receptor regulators used in pain and muscle relaxants

29
Q

gephyrin (organise inhibition): causal disease indication, reason, drug target

A

disease indication - stiffman’s syndrome
reason - auto-antibodies against molecule of inhibitory synapses
drug target - IV introduction of IgG, modulate inhibition

30
Q

neurexin/neuroligin: causal disease indication, reason, drug target

A

disease indication - autism and schizophrenia
reason - mutations effect synapse development
drug target - gene therapy, modulate activity

Biomed 2 (18 decks)

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